Macromolecules

Question 1

Monomer

Answer 1

smallest repeating unit of a polymer

Question 2

Polymer

Answer 2

large molecule composed of repeating units of smaller molecules (monomers) covalently linked

Question 3

Macromolecule

Answer 3

large/complex molecule, usually composed of repeating units of polymers covalently linked together

Question 4

Carbohydrate

Answer 4

macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

Question 5

General formula for carbs

Answer 5

(CH2O)n

Question 6

Monosaccharide

Answer 6

simple sugar, carbohydrate with 3-7 carbon atoms, single carbon-based monomer structure

Question 7

Glucose

Answer 7

blood sugar

Question 8

Fructose

Answer 8

fruit sugar

Question 9

Galactose

Answer 9

milk sugar

Question 10

Molecular formula of glucose, fructose and galactose

Answer 10

C6H12O6

Question 11

Isomer

Answer 11

molecules with the same number and type of atoms but different structural arrangements

Question 12

Disaccharide

Answer 12

carbohydrate composed of two monosaccharides covalently bonded (glycosidic linkage)

Question 13

Sucrose

Answer 13

common table sugar

Question 14

Is sucrose a monosaccharide or disaccharide?

Answer 14

disaccharide, composed of glucose bonded with fructose

Question 15

Galactose bonded with glucose form what disaccharide?

Answer 15

Lactose

Question 16

Polysaccharide

Answer 16

carb polymer composed of many monosaccharides joined by covalent bonds between particular atoms

Question 17

Polymers of glucose, common polysaccharides

Answer 17

starch, glycogen, and cellulose

Question 18

Functions of carbohydrates

Answer 18

short-term energy storage and structural molecules

Question 19

Lipids

Answer 19

macromolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, with high proportion of non-polar carbon-hydrogen bonds

Question 20

What causes lipids to be hydrophobic (not soluble in water)?

Answer 20

lipids have fewer oxygen atoms and greater proportion of carbon and hydrogen bonds

Question 21

Functions of lipids

Answer 21

long-term energy storage and structural molecules

Question 22

Triglyceride

Answer 22

lipid molecule composed of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids linked by ester bonds

Question 23

Fatty acid

Answer 23

hydrocarbon chain ending in a carboxyl group

Question 24

Saturated fatty acid

Answer 24

no double bonds between carbon atoms

Question 25

Unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 25

one or more double bonds between carbon atoms

Question 26

Why must humans include polyunsaturated fatty acids in their diet?

Answer 26

Because they cannot synthesize them

Question 27

What happens to the three-dimensional shape of a triglyceride when there is a double bond in the hydrocarbon chains?

Answer 27

The double bond causes a bend in the chain, therefore changing the shape and the way the lipid performs

Question 28

Phospholipid

Answer 28

lipid composed of a glycerol molecule bonded to two fatty acids and a phosphate group with an R group

Question 29

Lipid

Answer 29

structure with hydrophilic heads of phospholipids directed toward the aqueous environment and hydrophobic tails directed towards the centre, to each other

Question 30

R group

Answer 30

group of atoms that varies in composition, defines the type of phospholipid

Question 31

Steroid

Answer 31

lipid composed of four attached carbon-based rings

Question 32

Wax

Answer 32

lipids composed of long carbon-based chains that are solids at room temperature

Question 33

Protein

Answer 33

macromolecule composed of amino acid monomers bonded covalently

Question 34

Amino Acid

Answer 34

organic molecule composed of a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable R group

Question 35

Functions of proteins

Answer 35

- catalyzing reactions - structural support - transporting substances in the body - enabling organisms to move - regulating cellular processes - providing defence from disease

Question 36

Polypeptide

Answer 36

polymer composed of many amino acids bonded covalently

Question 37

Nucleic acid

Answer 37

macromolecules composed of nucleotide monomers

Question 38

DNA

Answer 38

macromolecule composed of nucleotides containing the sugar deoxyribose

Question 39

RNA

Answer 39

macromolecule composed of nucleotides containing the sugar ribose

Question 40

Nucleotide

Answer 40

organic molecule composed of a sugar bonded to a phosphate group and nitrogen-containing base

Question 41

Polymer of nucleotides

Answer 41

strand of DNA/RNA

Question 42

Types of protein structures

Answer 42

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures

Question 43

Functions of nucleic acids

Answer 43

- stores hereditary information of the cells - plays a central role in the synthesis of proteins