MACROMOLECULES Flashcards
(26 cards)
Polymerization
monomers join to become polymers
can be identical or different
Dehydration synthesis
Adding a monomer to a polymer
small polymer + monomer = Large polymer + water
Hydrolysis synthesis
Removing a monomer from polymer (with water)
CARBOHYDRATES
- sugars and polymers of sugars
- often end in -use
- Monomer: Monosaccharide: Glucose
- Polymer: Polysaccharide: Glycogen
- Disaccharide (2): Sucrose
C: H: O = 1: 2: 1
Carbohydrate Functions
- the main source of energy for living things
- breakdown of sugars allows the production of ATP
- complex carbohydrates like STARCH
- Animals store glucose as glycogen
- Structural purposes
Plant: cellulose
Animal: chitin
LIPIDS
- carbon and hydrogen atoms
- No true polymer: Glycerol/Fatty Acid Tails
- No monomer
- Hydrophobic, insoluble
Fats/Oils
glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains
“triglycerides”
1g of fat stores 2x energy as 1g of polysaccharide
- adipose cells
Unsaturated vs Saturated
Saturated: Straight Legs
Unsaturated: Bent Legs
Phospholipids
glycerol with 2 fatty acid chains and a phosphate group
Heads: Hydrophilic
Tails: Hydrophobic
- cell membrane
- amphipathic
Steroids
Carbon skeleton including 4 fused rings
- rings: carbon and hydrogen
- Hydrophobic
- Function: mediate physiological reactions, components of plasma membrane
NUCLEIC ACIDS
1 Nucleotide contains:
- 5 Carbon sugar
1. De-oxyribose (DNA)
2. Ribose (RNA)
- Phosphate group
- Nitrogen Base (organic compound)
1. Purine: A(damine) or G(uamine)
2. Pyrimidine: T(hymine), C(ytosine), or U(racil)
DNA
No Uracil
RNA
No Thymine
Examples of Nucleotides
dAMP- de-oxyribose, adamine, mono, phosphate
dCMP- de-oxyribose, cytosine, mono, phosphate
UMP- ribose, uracil, mono, phosphate
Nucleic Acid functions
-store, transmit, and express hereditary information
- primary structure of proteins
- monomers: nucleotides
DNA = negative bc of a phosphate group (PO-3)
-Histone proteins are positively charged proteins that counteract negative phosphate group
PROTEINS
- 50 of the dry mass of most cells is protein
N, O, C, H - unbranched polymers constructed from the same set of 20 amino acids
- Polypeptide (protein): polymers of amino acids (monomers)
Peptide Bond
Covalent bond, resulting from the dehydration reaction of amino acids
Amino Acids
monomer
- diff properties: non-polar, polar, negative and positive
Protein functions: Enzymes and Defense
Enzymes: Speed up chemical reactions, all enzymes are proteins but not all proteins are enzymes.
Defense: antibodies
Protein functions: Storage and Transport
Storage: ovalbumin
Transport: Hemoglobin
Protein functions: Movement, Structure, and Communication
Movement: Mator proteins/muscle contraction
Structure: Keratin
Communication: Neurotransmitter receptors
Protein Folding: 4 levels of organization
1 - Primary: linear amino acid sequence
2 - Secondary: amino acids with a chain, twisted/folded due to H bonds in the primary chain backbone
3 - Tertiary: the overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between side chains
4 - Qarternary: Proteins with more than 1 chain have a specific arrangement
Protein Shape and Function
- a slight change in primary structure will change the function of the protein
- structure depends on physical and chemical change
Denaturation
- protein is unraveled/destroyed, losing its shape
caused by: pH, salt conc. , temp
