Macromolecules

Question 1

What are the four important classes of BIOLOGICAL molecules?

Answer 1

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acid
Lipids

Question 2

Three classes are macromolecules that are polymers. Name them.

Answer 2

Carbohydrates[Glucose]: source of energy and provide structural support.
Proteins[amino acids]: helps in catalyzing reactions and transporting substances into and out of cells
Nucleic Acid[Nucleotide]:Stores genetic information and function in gene expression.

Question 3

Lipids are not polymers or macromolecules . True/False.

Answer 3

TRUE

Lipids are group of diverse molecules that do not mix with water and key functions are
#providing energy
#making up cell membranes
#acting as hormones

Question 4

Define Polymers

Answer 4

is along molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.[Train]

Question 5

Define monomers

Answer 5

repeated units that serve as the building blocks of polymers are smaller molecule.

Question 6

Some monomers have function of their own other than forming polymers.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Can dehydration and hydrolysis cab used to break down of molecules that are not polymers ?

Answer 7

YES. such as lipids

Question 8

The large molecules have emergent properties not found in their individual components.

Answer 8

Yes

Question 9

Carbohydrates serve as

Answer 9

fuel and building material

Question 10

Carbohydrates includes

Answer 10

sugars and polymers of sugars.

Question 11

General molecular formula of monosaccharides

Answer 11

CH2O

Question 12

One eg of monosaccharides

Answer 12

Most common Glucose [C6 H12 O6] aldose sugar.
Fructose isomer of glucose is ketose sugar

Question 13

Monosaccharides ranges by length

Answer 13

Hexoses
Trioses
Pentoses

Question 14

Monosaccharides helps in

Answer 14

Not only acts as major fuel for cellular work such as cellular respiration[Glucose]but their carbon skeleton also serves as raw material for the synthesis of other types of small organic molecule such as amino acid and fatty acids.

Question 15

What happens if monosaccharides are not used in such way

Answer 15

then they incorporated as monomers into disaccharides or polysaccharides.

Question 16

Disaccharides consists of

Answer 16

two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bond [covalent bond] by dehydration reaction
[glyco-carbohydrates]

Question 17

eg of disaccharides

Answer 17

Maltose[two molecules of glucose]—- brewingg beer
Sucrose[table sugar] [two monomers of glucose and fructose]—–plants food from leaves to non-photosynthetic organs.
Lactose: Glucose + Galactose

Question 18

Disaccharides must be broken down …True / False ?

Answer 18

TRUE
broken down into monosaccharidesto be use for energy by organisms.

Question 19

Define polysaccharides

Answer 19

are macromolecules with few hundreds or few thousands monosacchaides joined by glycosidic linkages.

Question 20

Functions of polysaccharides

Answer 20

Storage material–hydrolyzed as needed to provide monosaccharides for cells.
others serves as building material for structures that protect the cells or the whole organisms.

Question 21

Function of polysaccharides are determined by

Answer 21

its monosaccharides and by the positions of its glycosidic linkages .

Question 22

Plants stores Starch[a polymer of glucose monomers] in …….

Answer 22

Plastids [chloroplasts]

Question 23

Does humans have an enzyme that can hydrolyze plant starch,making glucose available as nutients.

Answer 23

Yes

Question 24

Amylose
Amylopectin

Answer 24

unbranched
branched polymer with 1-6 linkages at he branch points.

Question 25

Animal storage polysaccharide

Answer 25

Glycogen(polymer of glucose) like amylopectin but more extensively branched

Question 26

Vertebrates stores glycogen mainly in

Answer 26

Liver and muscle cells

Question 27

How the extensive branch in glycogen fits the function of break down?

Answer 27

More free ends are available for breakdown

Question 28

Structural Polysaccharides

Answer 28

Cellulose which is the major component of the tough cell wall .of the plants. Chitin,the carbohydrates used in arthropods to build their exoskeleton-hard cases that surround the softer parts of an animal.

Question 29

Most abundant compound on earth

Answer 29

Cellulose 10^14 Kg [100 billion tons]

Question 30

like starch cellulose is a polymer of glucose with 1-4 glycosisdic linkages .True or False

Answer 30

Refer pg no 119

Question 31

Difference in starch and cellulose

Answer 31

Starch molecules is largely helical fitting their functions of efficiency in storing glucose units. Cellulose is straight.Never branched and some hyroxyl group on its glucose monomers are free to hydrogen bond with the hydroxyls of the other cellulose ,molecules lying parallel to it.

Question 32

Microfibrils[strong building materials]

Answer 32

In plant cell walls parallel cellulose molecules held together grouped into units called mf.

Question 33

Insoluble fiber

Answer 33

Cellulose

Question 34

Enzymes that digest alpha linkages by hydrolyzing the starch is unable to digest cellulose beta linkage due to

Answer 34

different shapes.

Question 35

Cow can digest cellulose by other eg Termites , Fungi

Answer 35

Bacteria and protists

Question 36

Chitin embedded in layer of

Answer 36

Proteins the case is leathery and flexible at first but becomes hardened when the proteins are chemically linked to each other as in insects or encrusted with calcium carbonate as in crabs.

Question 37

Fungi has chitin or cellulose

Answer 37

Chitin

Question 38

Chitin vs Cellulose structure

Answer 38

Same as cellulose with beta linkages except of nitrogen attachment.

Question 39

Lipids[not polymer not macromolecule since it is not big enough]

Answer 39

Fats phospholipids steroids

Question 40

Fats are not polymers but they are large molecule assembled from smaller molecules by dehydration reaction.

Answer 40

True

Question 41

Fat structure

Answer 41

Glycerol molecule joined to three fatty acids

Question 42

Glycerol Fatty acid

Answer 42

1.is an alcohol each each of its three carbons bears OH groups. 2.fatty acid has a long carbon skeleton usually 16-18 carbon atoms in length. The carbon at one end of the skeleton is part of carboxyl group hence fatty acid

Question 43

Why fatty acids are hydrophobic

Answer 43

due to the presence of non-polar C-H bonds in hydrocarbon chain of fatty acid.

Question 44

Fats separate from water because

Answer 44

water molecules H-bonds to one another and excludes the fatty acids .

Question 45

Each fatty acids molecules is joined to glycerol by a dehydration reaction .This results in

Answer 45

Ester linkages [a bond between a OH group and COOH group] Another name for fatty acids are also called as triacylglycerol and triglyceride

Question 46

Nearly every = bond in naturally occuring fatty acids is a .....

Answer 46

cis = bond,which creates a kink in the hydrocarbon chain whenever occurs.

Question 47

saturated fatty acids

Answer 47

since lack the of double bond cause flexibility that allows closely packed [solid at room temp ]

Question 48

Unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 48

The kinks which prevents the molecules from tightly packing.

Question 49

unsaturated to saturated can be converted by

Answer 49

adding hydrogen bonds[hydrogenated] allowing them to solidify.

Question 50

The process of hydrogenating vegetables oils produces both

Answer 50

saturated and unsaturated fats with trans double bonds

Question 51

Major function of fats

Answer 51

energy storage

Question 52

A gram of fats stores more than twice as much as energy as a polysaccharides such as starch.

Answer 52

Because plants are immobile that store energy in the form of starch but animals need to carry their energy storage with them..so it is advantage to have more compact reservoir of fuel-fat.(adipose )

Question 53

Adipose cell function

Answer 53

Long term food reserves which swells and shrink as fat is deposited and withdrawn from storage. In addition to storage adipose acts as cushion such vital organs as kidneys and a layer of fat beneath the skin insulates the body.

Question 54

Phospholipids

Answer 54

Major component of cell membrane

Question 55

Difference in phospholipids and lipids

Answer 55

It has only 2 fatty acid attached to glycerol rather than three.The third OH group is connected to phosphate group[negative charge in the cell]

Question 56

When phospholipid are added to water

Answer 56

they self-assemble into a double-layered sheet called a bilayer that shields their hydrophobic fatty acid tails from water.

Question 57

Steroids are lipids made of

Answer 57

four fused rings

Question 58

Cholesterol

Answer 58

Type of steroid crucial for animals it is common component of animal cell membrane precursor from which other steroid such as vertebrates sex hormones are synthesized.

Question 59

Cholesterol is synthesized in _____ [vertebrates]

Answer 59

Liver [also by diet]