Macromolecules Flashcards
1
Q
Is cholesterol a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid?
A
Lipid
2
Q
Are steroids a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid?
A
Lipid
3
Q
Is starch a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid?
A
Carbohydrate
4
Q
Is glycogen a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid?
A
Carbohydrate
5
Q
Are enzymes a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid?
A
Protein
6
Q
Are saturated fats a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid?
A
Lipid
7
Q
Are polypeptide chains a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid?
A
Protein
8
Q
Is glucose a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid?
A
Carbohydrate
9
Q
Are polysaccharides a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid?
A
Carbohydrate
10
Q
Are phospholipids a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid?
A
Lipid
11
Q
Is glycerol a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid?
A
Lipid
12
Q
Are monosaccharides a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid?
A
Carbohydrate
13
Q
Is cellulose a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid?
A
Carbohydrate
14
Q
Are amino acids a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid?
A
Protein
15
Q
Are unsaturated fatty acids a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid?
A
Lipid
16
Q
What provides long term energy storage for animals?
A
Saturated fats
17
Q
What provides immediate energy?
A
Glucose
18
Q
What are sex hormones?
A
Steroids
19
Q
What provides short term energy storage for plants?
A
Starch
20
Q
What makes animal and plant structures?
A
Polypeptide chains/protein
21
Q
What forms the cell membrane of all cells?
A
Phospholipids
22
Q
What speeds up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy?
A
Enzymes
23
Q
What is one sugar?
A
Monosaccharide
24
Q
What is the monomer of proteins?
A
Amino acids
25
What provides long term energy storage for plants?
Starch
26
What is the steroid that makes up part of the cell membranes?
Phospholipids
27
What is the 3 carbon "backbone" of a fat?
Glycerol
28
What provides short term energy storage for animals?
Glycogen
29
What is many sugars?
Polysaccharides
30
What forms the cell wall of plant cells?
Cellulose
31
Are almonds mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?
Protein
32
Is spinach mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?
Cellulose
33
Is beef jerky mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?
Protein
34
Is celery mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?
Cellulose
35
Are soybeans mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?
Protein
36
Are cranberries mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?
Glucose
37
Is bacon mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?
Saturated fat
38
Are noodles mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?
Starch
39
Is orange juice mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?
Glucose
40
Is cheese mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?
Saturated fat
41
Is wheat mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?
Starch
42
Are egg whites mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?
Protein
43
Is table sugar mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?
Glucose
44
Is popcorn mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?
Starch
45
Is lobster mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?
Protein
46
Is sesame oil mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?
Unsaturated fat
47
Is saturated fat found in animals, plants, or both?
Animals
48
Is protein found in animals, plants, or both?
Both
49
Are amino acids found in animals, plants, or both?
Both
50
Are monosaccharides found in animals, plants, or both?
Both
51
Is cellulose found in animals, plants, or both?
Plants
52
Is glucose found in animals, plants, or both?
Both
53
Are enzymes found in animals, plants, or both?
Both
54
Are polysaccharides found in animals, plants, or both?
Both
55
Is glycogen found in animals, plants, or both?
Animals
56
Is starch found in animals, plants, or both?
Plants
57
Are phospholipids found in animals, plants, or both?
Both
58
Would you eat monosaccharides, polysaccharides, lipids, or proteins if you needed a quick boost of energy?
Monosaccharide
59
Would you eat monosaccharides, polysaccharides, lipids, or proteins if you wanted to grow strong nails?
Protein
60
Would you eat monosaccharides, polysaccharides, lipids, or proteins if you haven't eaten in days?
Lipids
61
Would you eat monosaccharides, polysaccharides, lipids, or proteins if you wanted to grow healthy hair?
Protein
62
Would you eat monosaccharides, polysaccharides, lipids, or proteins if you had a race tomorrow afternoon?
Polysaccharide
63
Would you eat monosaccharides, polysaccharides, lipids, or proteins if you were getting ready for hibernation?
Lipid
64
Would you eat monosaccharides, polysaccharides, lipids, or proteins if you wanted to get bigger muscles?
Protien
65
Would you eat monosaccharides, polysaccharides, lipids, or proteins if your next meal will be in a weak
Lipid
66
What is the relationship between glucose, fructose, and galactose?
Glucose, fructose, and galactose are structural isomers, and they all have the chemical formula C6H12O6
67
What are the structural differences between a saturated and an unsaturated fat?
Saturated fats only have single bonds between carbon atoms in their hydrocarbon tails and are solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms in their hydrocarbon tails and are liquid at room temperature because the kink in the tail from the double bonds between carbon atoms makes them unable to pack together close
68
How are polymers related to monomers?
Polymers are made of many monomers which are small, basic, subunits. Monomers form polymers through dehydration synthesis
69
Macromolecule
Large organic molecules that make up all living things
70
What atom do all macromolecules contain?
Carbon
71
What are the four macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
72
Monomer
Small, basic subunits
73
Polymer
Larger more complex structures made of monomers
74
Dehydration synthesis
Builds a polymer by linking monomers, does this by removing H2O
75
Hydrolysis
Breaks polymers into monomers, does this by adding H2O which breaks bonds
76
What is the main function of carbohydrates?
Short term energy storage
77
What contains carbohydrates?
Sugars and starches
78
What elements are carbohydrates made of?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
79
What are the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates called?
Monosaccharides and polysaccharides
80
What is sucrose made of?
Glucose and fructose
81
What is lactose made of?
Glucose and galactose
82
What is maltose made of?
Glucose and glucose
83
What is the chemical formula for sucrose, lactose, and maltose?
C12H22O11
84
Glycogen
Short term animal energy storage
85
Starch
Plant energy storage
86
Cellulose
Plant cell walls
87
Chitin
Insect or crustacean support, exoskeletons
88
What form do structural support polysaccharides mostly take?
Pleat structures
89
What form do excess energy polysaccharides mostly take?
Helix structures
90
Digestion
A form of hydrolysis that breaks polysaccharides into monosaccharides that are absorbed into the bloodstream
91
Where are monosaccharides in the bloodstream used first?
Cells absorb glucose when blood sugar rises
92
Where are monosaccharides in the bloodstream used second?
They are turned into glycogen and stored in the liver, brain, and muscles
93
Where are monosaccharides in the bloodstream used last?
They are turned into fat in the liver
94
How can carbohydrates be consumed?
As monosaccharides and polysaccharides
95
What is the main function of lipids?
Long term energy storage
96
What contains lipids?
Fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids
97
What elements are lipids made of?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
98
What are the monomers and polymers of lipids called?
Fatty acids and triglycerides
99
Phospholipids
Two hydrophobic fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic phosphate head
100
Phospholipid bilayer
Two layers of phospholipids make the plasma membrane of cells, have selective permeability
101
Saturated fat
Only has single bonds in the hydrocarbon tail and is solid at room temperature
102
Unsaturated fat
Has some double bonds that prevent packing tightly together because of a kink and is liquid at room temperature
103
Are the hydrophobic tails or hydrophilic heads on the inside of the bilayer?
Hydrophobic tails
104
Steroid
Has a rigid four carbon backbone, necessary for cell membranes and signaling ex. Estrogen, testosterone, and cholesterol
105
Cholesterol
A steroid that maintains cell membranes
106
What are the two types of cholesterol and which one is good for you?
HGL and LDL, HGL is good for you
107
Why is LDL bad for you?
In excess amounts it can separate from blood and block blood vessels causing high blood pressure and heart diseases
108
What is the main function of protein?
Controlling the rate of biochemical reactions, regulates cell processes, made bones and muscles, transport substances in and out of cells, help the immune system, movement, aid cell signaling
109
What is protein in?
Meat, nuts, and dairy
110
What elements are proteins made of?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur
111
What are the monomers and polymers of proteins?
Amino acids and polypeptides
112
What is a primary protein structure?
A chain of amino acids that defines the type of function of the protein
113
What is the secondary protein structure?
An alpha helix or beta sheet made from the interactions of the carbonyl and amine groups of different amino acids
114
What is the tertiary structure of protein?
A polypeptide chain folded into a 3D shape because of R group interactions
115
What is the quaternary structure of protein?
Multiple polypeptide chains bound together
116
How many different amino acids and proteins are there?
20 amino acids, 1000 proteins
117
What groups make up an amino acid?
The amine group (NH2), the carboxyl group (CHO2(carbonyl group is CO)), and the R group
118
What group provides amino acids with their different properties?
The R group
119
What can unravel protein and how?
Heat, salts, pH changes, and detergents can denature proteins by breaking the hydrogen bonds that hold them together
120
What happens when a protein is denatured?
It loses its function ex. Sickle cell anemia
121
Protein misfolding diseases
Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Polyglutamine, Prions, and Amydrophic. They all cause neural degeneration
122
What is the main function of nucleic acids?
Storing and transmitting genetic information and holding the instructions for making proteins
123
What are nucleic acids in?
DNA, RNA, no foods because its from your parents
124
What are the monomers and polymers of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides and nucleic acids
125
What nucleotides is DNA made of?
Adenine and Thymine
126
What nucleotides is RNA made of?
Adenine and Uracil
127
What groups are nucleic acids made of?
Phosphate group, sugar group, and base group
128
What type of monomer is the base group?
Amino acid
129
What shape is DNA?
Double helix
130
What does DNA do?
It holds all of the genetic information for cells
131
What shape is RNA?
Single helix
132
What does RNA do?
Control protein synthesis
133
Adenosine triphosphate/ATP
Provides usable energy for cells
134
How does ATP release energy?
A phosphate group breaks off through hydrolysis
135
When do organisms release ATP?
Cellular respiration
136
What monomers can be converted to ATP?
Amino acids and fatty acids
