macromolecules

Question 1

monomers polymers and bonds

Answer 1

Carbs: monomer + monosaccharides, Bond+Glycosidic

proteins: monomer = amino acids, bond + peptide

nucleic acids: Monomer = nucleotides, bond = phospodiester

lipids: not true polymers: mostly hydrophobic

Question 2

Carbohydrates

Answer 2

function to serve as fuel

types: Monosaccharides and Disaccharrides : quick energy sources

Polysaccharides:
- glycogen : energy stored in animals
starch: energy stored in plants
cellulose: support of plant wall

Question 3

Proteins

Answer 3

functions: enzymes, trnsport defense,movement signaling

amino acid structure: contains an amine group, carboxl group, and R -group

protein strucutre levels:
primary: sequence of amino acids
secondary: helices and B sheets ( hydrogen bonding)
tertiary: 3D folding due to interactions between side chains
quaternanry: multiple polypeptides interacting

Question 4

Nucleic acids

Answer 4

function: store and transmit genetic information

DNA vs RNA

DNA: double stranted, deoxyribose sugar
RNA: single strnded, ribose sugar

structure: phosphate-sugar backbone with nitrogenous bases

Question 5

Lipids

Answer 5

Function: energy storage,, cell membranes

types: Fats: saturated ( single bonds) vs unsaturated(double bonds)
Saturated fats have single bonds between carbon atoms, making them solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fats contain at least one double bond, creating kinks in the structure, making them liquid at room temperature.

steroids: characterized by 4 fused rings ( eg cholesterol)

Question 6

Explain the construction of a protein from primary to quaternary structure, including
what forces are holding each level together

Answer 6

Primary is the sequence of aminos, secondary is the a-helicies and B-pleated sheets , then tertiary which is a 3D fold due to interactions between side chains nad quaternary is multuiple polypeptids interacting