Macromolecules

Question 1

Hydrolysis

Answer 1

Adding water to break apart a polymer

Question 2

4 major macro molecules

Answer 2

Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids

Question 3

What makes a carbohydrate?

Answer 3

C
H
O

Question 4

What are 2 major carbohydrates

Answer 4

Sugars

Starches

Question 5

What is the ratio of monomers in a carbohydrate

Answer 5

1:2:1

C H O

Question 6

What are the main functions of carbohydrates

Answer 6

Short term energy storage

Structure

Question 7

What is the monomer of a carbohydrate called

Answer 7

Monosaccharide

Question 8

How many carbons does Trioses/Pentose/ hexoses have in carbohydrate monomers. What makes them different?

Answer 8

3
5
6

Structure

Question 9

What are the major carbs used for energy

Answer 9

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Question 10

What kind of sugar is a famous monosaccharide

Answer 10

Hexose sugar

Question 11

What are the 3 kinds of famous hexose sugars?

Answer 11

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

Question 12

What does the combination of sugars make?
Glucose + glucose
Glucose + fructose
Glucose + galactose

Answer 12

Maltose (malt sugar)
Sucrose (table sugar)
Lactose (milk sugar)

Question 13

What are the main functions for a polysaccharide in carbohydrates

Answer 13

Energy storage

Structural support

Question 14

In plants what is the main energy storage polysaccharide?

In animals?

Answer 14

Amylose

Glycogen

Question 15

What is the major component of plant cell walls

Answer 15

Cellulose

Question 16

What kind of linkage connects starches?

Cellulose?

Answer 16

Starch= alpha linked
Cellulose= beta linked

Question 17

How do termites get cellulose

Answer 17

Symbiotic relation with protist
Place to live (gut)
Protist breaks the beta bond

Question 18

How do ruminants get cellulose

Cows

Answer 18

Expanded upper GI tract

Regurgitate

Question 19

How do caecophorres get cellulose

Bunnies

Answer 19

Expanded lower GI tract

Eat feces

Question 20

What kind of carbohydrate is found in fungi cell walls, anthropoid exoskeletons, dissolving stitches

Answer 20

Chitin

Question 21

What kind of carbohydrate is found in bacterial cell walls

Answer 21

Peptidoglycan

Question 22

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 22

Removing water from 2 molecules with hydroxide and hydrogen ions

Question 23

What are the main functions of proteins

6

Answer 23

Structural support
Energy storage
Transport
Intercellular signaling
Movement
Defense

Question 24

What do enzymes do?

Answer 24

Regulate metabolism by accelerating chemical reactions

Question 25

What macromolecule is the most structurally complex?

Answer 25

Protein

Question 26

What are proteins made of?

Answer 26

Amino acids (set of 20)

Question 27

What is a monomer of a protein? | Polymer?

Answer 27

Amino acid | Polypeptide

Question 28

How is a protein made

Answer 28

Dehydration synthesis

Question 29

How are amino acids bonded in proteins

Answer 29

Polypeptide bond

Question 30

What are the 4 components to an amino acid

Answer 30

Hydrogen atom Carboxyl atom Amine group R group

Question 31

What is a primary structure protein made of

Answer 31

String of amino acids | Made in ribosome

Question 32

Where does protein folding occur

Answer 32

Chaperonin

Question 33

What happens in a secondary structure protein

Answer 33

Hydrogen bonding Alpha helix Beta pleating Or mix

Question 34

What happens in a tertiary protein

Answer 34

``` Bonding occurs based on r groups Covalent Ionic Hydrophobic interactions Hydrophilic interactions Disulfide bridges Orientation will change based on r groups ```

Question 35

When is a protein considered functional

Answer 35

Tertiary stage

Question 36

What is a quaternary protein

Answer 36

Bonding of 2 or more functional proteins Collagen (3) Hemoglobin (2 copies/4)

Question 37

What is denaturing

Answer 37

Protein returns to primary structure | Sensitive to pH, temperature, radiation

Question 38

What are the 4 kinds of lipids

Answer 38

Fats Oils Steroids Waxes

Question 39

What are lipids made of

Answer 39

C H O

Question 40

What are the main functions of lipids

Answer 40

Long term energy storage | Insulation

Question 41

What are the 3 major groups of lipids

Answer 41

Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids

Question 42

What are triglycerides made of in lipids

Answer 42

1 glycerol | 3 fatty acids

Question 43

How are triglycerides connected

Answer 43

Dehydration synthesis X3 | Ester linkages

Question 44

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats

Answer 44

Sat= NO double bonds Unsat= at least 1 double bond Doesn't allow layering of fats

Question 45

What are oils? | Fats?

Answer 45

Oils are unsaturated. Liquid at room temp Fats are saturated. Solid at room temp

Question 46

What are phospholipids made of

Answer 46

2 fatty acids | 1 phosphate group

Question 47

What lipid group is a major component in cell membranes

Answer 47

Phospholipids

Question 48

How are phospholipids arranged

Answer 48

Bilayer

Question 49

Which end faces out in a phospholipid? | In?

Answer 49

Phosphate | Fatty acids

Question 50

What are major steroids

Answer 50

Hormones | Cholesterol

Question 51

What is the structure of a steroid

Answer 51

Fused ring | 5 carbon attached to 6 carbons to r group

Question 52

What are is the function of nucleic acid

Answer 52

Info storage for organisms

Question 53

What are nucleic acids made of

Answer 53

``` C H O N P ```

Question 54

What are the 2 kinds of NA

Answer 54

DNA | RNA

Question 55

What is the monomer of NA

Answer 55

Nucleotide

Question 56

What are nucleotides made of NA

Answer 56

Phosphate Pentose sugar Nitrogenous base

Question 57

DNA Pentose/bases/strands

Answer 57

Deoxyribose Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine 2 strands

Question 58

RNA Pentose/bases/strands

Answer 58

Ribose Adenine Uracil Guanine Cytosine 1 strand

Question 59

What does DNA do

Answer 59

Stores info of primary structure of proteins Sequences RNA It is heritable

Question 60

What are the nitrogen bases bondings

Answer 60

AT / AU | GC

Question 61

What are A G called | What are T C called

Answer 61

Purine | Pyrimidine

Question 62

What does RNA do

Answer 62

Transmits and translates DNA info into protein | Enzymatic and regulatory functions

Question 63

How many kinds of DNA | How many RNA

Answer 63

1 | 15/ 3 main