Macromolecules

Question 1

What are the four elements of life?

Answer 1

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Question 2

Define catabolism

Answer 2

breaking down molecules

Question 3

Define anabolism

Answer 3

building larger molecules

Question 4

What are most macromolecules made up of?

Answer 4

polymers, which are made of monomers

Question 5

What is a carbohydrate?

Answer 5

contains C, H, & O; body’s most important source of energy, short term energy storage

Question 6

What is a monosaccharide? Give an example.

Answer 6

simple sugars, ex. glucose, fructose, & galactose

Question 7

What is a disaccharide? Give an example.

Answer 7

two monosaccharides linked together, ex. sucrose (glucose + fructose), lactose (galactose + glucose)

Question 8

What is a polysaccharide? Give an example.

Answer 8

long chain of monosaccharides, ex. starch, glycogen, cellulose, & chitin

Question 9

How are sugars made?

Answer 9

dehydration synthesis reaction (removing an H2O molecule); monosaccharides to disaccharide

Question 10

How are sugars broken down?

Answer 10

hydrolysis reaction (using H2O to break a bond)

Question 11

Why is starch digested more easily than cellulose?

Answer 11

glucose monomers facing same way in starch, but alternate directions in cellulose

Question 12

What are lipids?

Answer 12

made up of C, H, & O, but mostly H; long term energy source; helps absorption of vitamins; important part of cell membranes

Question 13

What are triglycerides? Give examples.

Answer 13

fats, oils, & waxes; saturated and unsaturated fats; waxes on leaves

Question 14

What are phospholipids?

Answer 14

part of cell membrane; hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails

Question 15

What are steroids?

Answer 15

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings, ex. cholesterol

Question 16

What is the SER responsible for?

Answer 16

lipid and steroid synthesis

Question 17

What are triglycerides composed of?

Answer 17

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Question 18

Saturated fats

Answer 18

single bond C, animal fats (solid at room temp.)

Question 19

Unsaturated fats

Answer 19

double bond C, vegetable oils (liquid at room temp.)

Question 20

Phospholipids

Answer 20

a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group; has polar group

Question 21

What is the phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 21

cell membrane

Question 22

What are proteins?

Answer 22

contains C, H, O, and N; essential for building, repair, and maintenance of body tissues; major part of muscles, organs, nerves, skin, hair, nails, and brain; made up of amino acids

Question 23

The link between amino acid subunits

Answer 23

peptide bonds

Question 24

Polypeptides are

Answer 24

Polymer chains of amino acids

Question 25

Protein from animal sources like meat and milk is called

Answer 25

'complete' because it contains all 10 of the essential amino acids

Question 26

Most vegetable protein is considered

Answer 26

'incomplete' because it lacks one or more of the essential amino acids

Question 27

What are LDL and HDL?

Answer 27

low density (bad) and high density (good) lipoproteins