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Oli Bio > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

What are polymers?

A

A substance composed of large molecules that containing many repeating units

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2
Q

Which macromolecules are polymers?

A

Carbs, Proteins and nucleic acid

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3
Q

How come lipids aren’t polymers?

A

Polymers are composed of monomers which are molecules that can be bound with other identical molecules. Lipids do not contain any monomers therefore they cannot be polymers.

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4
Q

Which macromolecules are composed of nucleotides?

A

Nucleic acid

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5
Q

Which macromolecules are composed of amino acids?

A

Proteins

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6
Q

Which macromolecules are created in the human body?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

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7
Q

Which macromolecules can be used as fuel?

A

Carbs, lipids and proteins (carbs and fats are used before protein)

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8
Q

Which macromolecules can be used as hormones?

A

Lipids and proteins

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9
Q

Which macromolecules can provide structure?

A

Carbs (they make up the external skeleton of insects) and proteins (provide structure to cells)

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10
Q

Which of the macromolecules contain hydrogen, carbon and oxygen?

A

Carbs, li[ids, proteins and nucleic acid (they are all organic molecules)

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11
Q

What is an example of a protein?

A

Hemoglobin, insulin…

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12
Q

What is an example of a carbohydrate?

A

Startch, fructose…

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13
Q

To which macromolecule does testosterone, a steroid, belong to ?

A

Lipids

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14
Q

What are lipids responsable for?

A

They store energy long-term in the form of fat, they can be used for hormones

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15
Q

What is the role of carbs?

A

They provide energy to the body

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16
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA transmits genetic information while RNA transmits (from the nucleus to the ribosome) the genetic code that creates protein

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17
Q

What are the main components (2) of a fat molecule?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

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18
Q

What characterizes a saturated fat?

A

In a saturated fat, there are only single bonded carbons and therefore the molecule is saturated with hydrogen to composante.

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19
Q

What characterizes an unsaturated fat?

A

usually they have double carbon bonds

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20
Q

What is an example of an unsaturated fat?

A

oils

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21
Q

What is an example of a fatty acid that is essential to humans but that we cannot synthesize (produce)?

A

Omega 3

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22
Q

What is the most comma steroid?

A

Cholesterol

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23
Q

What is the role of proteins?

A

They may be used in transportation, storage, membranes, or they can be toxins or enzymes

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24
Q

What produces enzymes?

A

living cells produce enzymes

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25
Q

What is the link between amino acids and protein?

A

Amino acids are the monomers meaning that many amino acids will come together to form proteins

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26
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

A covalent bond attached to each amino acid

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27
Q

What determines the sequence of a protein?

A

the gene which is encoding the protein determines the sequence of the protein.

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28
Q

Do DNA molecules leave the nucleus in order to create proteins?

A

No, the mRNA (messenger) communicates with the rest of the cell

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29
Q

What composes a nucleotide?

A

Nitrogenous base, pentose sugar (5carbon) and a phosphate group

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30
Q

What are the four possible nitrogenous bases in DNA?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

31
Q

What are the four possible nitrogenous bases in RNA?

A

Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine

32
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are purines

A

Adenine and Guanine (2 crayon nitrogen rings)

33
Q

Which nitrogenous bases re pyrimidines ?

A

Uracil, Thymine and Cytosine (1 carbon nitrogen ring)

34
Q

What is the sugar in DNA?

A

deoxyribose

35
Q

What is the sugar in RNA?

A

ribose

36
Q

Explain the base complementary rule

A

DNA strands are complementary to each other. For example, if 1 strand has AATTGGCC the complementary one had TTAACCGG

37
Q

cellulose and chitin are part of what macromolecule?

A

Carbohydrates

38
Q

What are monosaccharides ?

A

Simple sugars composed of 3-7 carbons. Ex. Glucose, fructose, galactose

39
Q

Monosaccharides can exist in 2 forms. What are they?

A

A linear chain or a ring shaped molecule

40
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Formed when 2 monosaccharides undergo a dehydration reaction.

41
Q

What kind of bind to disaccharides form?

A

glycosidic bond (covalent)

42
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds

43
Q

What are examples of polysaccharides.

A

Starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin

44
Q

What do plants do with excess glucose?

A

They store it in the form of starch in their roots or seed

45
Q

What are the function of enzymes?

A

they breakdown the starch when humans consume plants

46
Q

What is glycogen?

A

How we store glucose in the body. It is composed of glucose monomers

47
Q

Where can glycogen be found in the human body?

A

In muscle cells or in the liver

48
Q

What is glycogensisis?

A

A process by which glycogen breaks down to release glucose when blood glucose(sugar) levels are low

49
Q

What is cellulose?

A

A natural biopolymer composed of glucose monomers.

50
Q

Can we digest cellulose?

A

No because of its structure

51
Q

What are some functions of lipids?

A

provide insulation from the environment for plants and animals, building blocks of hormones, important for cellular membranes…

52
Q

What is a fat molecule composed of?

A

fatty acids + glycerol

53
Q

How are triglycerides formed?

A

When there fatty acids are joined to a glycerol a dehydration reaction occurs and form 3 molecules of water

54
Q

What is the difference between a monounsaturated fat and a polyunsaturated fat?

A

Mono= 1 double carbon bond while poly is more than 1

55
Q

What is the difference between cis and trans saturated fats?

A

In cis, the hydrogen is located on the same plane as the double bond and therefore the structure is bent causing cis fats to be liquid at room temp while trans fats are linear (H in opposite plane as double bond) and are solid at room temp

56
Q

What kind of fat is omega 3? Can the body synthesize it?

A

Polyunsaturated and the body cannot make it therefore we must ingest it

57
Q

Are fats a source of energy?

A

Yes

58
Q

What is wade composed of?

A

Long fatty acid chains combined with long-chain alcohols

59
Q

What is commonly composed of phospholipids?

A

Cellular membrane outermost layer

60
Q

What are phospholipids made of?

A

Fatty acid chains attached to glycerol and a phosphate group is attached to the third carbon from glycerol

61
Q

What kind of molecule is a phospholipid?

A

A amphipathic because it has a hydrophobic part (Fatty acid chains because no interactions with water) and a hydrophilic part (phosphate group because interactions with water)

62
Q

What are examples of steroids?

A

Cholesterol and cortisol

63
Q

Can enzymes be synthesized?

A

Yes, living cells produce enzymes

64
Q

What are the role of enzymes?

A

They increase the reaction rate

65
Q

What forms to hormones take on?

A

Small proteins of steroids

66
Q

What are examples of proteins?

A

Hemoglobin and collagen

67
Q

What are proteins make of?

A

amino acid monomers

68
Q

How many common amino acids are present in proteins?

A

20

69
Q

What does the number of amino acids and the sequence determine?

A

Shape, size and function

70
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

A chain of amino acids

71
Q

Briefly describe the strictures of protein.

A

1) chain of amino acids
2) the chain folds up into repeating patterns
3) Side chain interaction create a 3D structure
4) several 3D structure come together to produce a protein with more than 1 chain

72
Q

What is denaturation?

A

A protein that loses its shape without losing its primary sequence

73
Q

Review the RNA steps in your notes.

A

ok.

Oli Bio (7 decks)

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