Macromolecules in a biological system

Question 1

Macromolecules

Answer 1

Large polymers.

Question 2

Polymer

Answer 2

Chemical compound formed in covalent bonds link monomers in a long repeating chains

Question 3

Covalent bonds

Answer 3

Macromolecules formed by an endergonic removal of water molecule. This is known as dehydration or condensation

Question 4

Hydrolysis

Answer 4

Releases energy as bonds as breaks between monomers

Question 5

Macromolecules

Answer 5

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid

Question 6

Carbohydrates

Answer 6

Sugars or starches in living organisms. Composed of monosaccharides Typically have 3,4,5,6 carbons long. Can take many forms- linear, branched, or helix

Question 7

Monomers

Answer 7

Join together to form carbohydrates- formula is Cn H2n O n

Question 8

Two monosaccharides

Answer 8

Joined by dehydration synthesis to form disaccharides

Question 9

Sucrose

Answer 9

Made up of two monosaccharides joined together. One glucose monosaccharide and one fructose monosaccharide

Question 10

Polysaccharides

Answer 10

Carbohydrates molecules formed by large numbers of linked monosaccharides.

Question 11

Glycogen

Answer 11

Formed by dehydration synthesis and is stored mainly in the liver and the muscles. When needed for energy, this is hydrolyzed into glucose

Question 12

Plants

Answer 12

Store glucose as starch

Question 13

Oligosaccharides

Answer 13

Small number of monosaccharides. Found on the surface of the cell membrane and function in cell recognition

Question 14

Cellulose

Answer 14

Major component in rigid cell walls in plants

Question 15

Glycoprotein and glycolipids

Answer 15

Molecules that contain carbohydrates and other macromolecules. Function in cell recognition

Question 16

Lipids

Answer 16

Macromolecules that are not true polymers. Formed by a linear arrangement or carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms called fatty acid chains. Hydrophobic and non polar

Question 17

Lipids- 4 groups

Answer 17

Fats, oil, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. Insoluble in water. Used as energy, storage and cushioning.

Question 18

Phospholipids

Answer 18

Two fatty acid chains attached to phosphate molecule. Forms a semipermeable membrane around cells. Help to separate aqueous compartments in living things.

Question 19

Steroids

Answer 19

Four ring structure. Includes cholesterol, sex hormones, hormones in the adrenal cortex. Function as chemical messengers

Question 20

Protein

Answer 20

Polymers of long chains of amino acids monomers. Found in eggs, meat, and beans.

Question 21

Amino acids

Answer 21

Central carbon, an amine group, a carboxylic acid, and a side group.

Question 22

The link between amino acids and a covalent bond is

Answer 22

Peptide bond

Question 23

Keratin and collagen

Answer 23

Hydrophobic amino acids. Not soluble in water. Structure of hair and nails

Question 24

Globular protein

Answer 24

Hydrophilic surface. These are amino acids and are soluble in water. Function as carrier molecules: hemoglobin, antibodies, and enzymes

Question 25

Enzymes

Answer 25

Class of proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction. Speed up reactions by lowering energy. Activity is affected by environment, temperature and pH

Question 26

Exergonic

Answer 26

Release energy

Question 27

Endergonic

Answer 27

Require energy

Question 28

Pepsin

Answer 28

Secreted by stomach cells and initiates protein digestion

Question 29

Nucleic acid

Answer 29

Polymers made of linked nucleotides that contain hydrogen, carbon oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. DNA and RNA live in organisms

Question 30

Nucleotides

Answer 30

Have 3 components: a nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphates group.

Question 31

DNA

Answer 31

Genes. Located on chromosomes. Composed of deoxyribose sugar, one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine)

Question 32

RNA

Answer 32

Ribose sugar and nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine or uracil) Single stranded molecule. This helps convert info stored in genes composed of DNA into the proteins.

Question 33

mRNA

Answer 33

Messenger. Located in the nucleus. Transcribes the genetic code for a protein from DNA

Question 34

rRNA

Answer 34

Ribosome. Carries genetic code out of the nucleus to ribosomes located in the cell cytoplasm

Question 35

tRNA

Answer 35

Transfer. Brings the amino acid dictated by mRNA to rRNA.

Question 36

Ribosomes

Answer 36

Site of protein synthesis from amino acid monomers