Macronutrient Requirements in Pregnancy

Question 1

to achieve appropriate foetal growth and development in pregnancy what is paramount

Answer 1

optimal nutrition supply to developing foetus

Question 2

for foetus to achieve optimal nutrition supply, what requirements in the mother are increased

Answer 2

• dietary requirements of energy and nutrients

Question 3

what maternal adaptations have occurred that require support from diet

Answer 3

• increased maternal metabolism
• increased maternal blood volume
• red blood cell mass expansion
• delivery of nutrients to foetus

Question 4

dietary recommendations for pregnancy nutritions say to increase what

Answer 4

• energy consumption
• macronutrients: protein, fat, fibre
• micronutrients: most vitamins and minerals
• with variety of nutritious foods from each 5 food groups

Question 5

what is energy required in the body for

Answer 5

• metabolic processes
• physiological functions
• muscular activity
• heat production
• growth and synthesis of new tissues

Question 6

what happens to energy requirements during pregnancy and why

Answer 6

• increase
• to support needs of mother and baby

Question 7

how many kilojoules per day extra requirement during pregnancy in second trimester

Answer 7

1400 kj/day

Question 8

how many kilojoules per day extra requirement during pregnancy in third trimester

Answer 8

1900 kj/day

Question 9

how many kilojoules per day extra requirement during pregnancy in first trimester

Answer 9

none

Question 10

excessive weight gain in pregnancy is linked to

Answer 10

higher risk of developing:
- gestational diabetes
- high blood pressure
- complications during birth

Question 11

what is gestational weight gain

Answer 11

amount of weight gained during pregnancy

Question 12

do we need / expect gestational weight gain

Answer 12

yes

Question 13

what factors (4) impact how much someone should eat

Answer 13

• age
• weight
• height
• physical activity level

Question 14

for all women, is there an allowance of discretionary foods
what can impact this

Answer 14

• small allowance
• again, dependent on factors

Question 15

australian dietary guidelines recommend limited intake of foods containing:

Answer 15

• saturated fats
• added salt
• added sugars
• alcohol

Question 16

are discretionary choices recommended to be increased during pregnancy, even if to meet additional energy requirements

Answer 16

no

Question 17

example of what can eat to meet additional 1400kJ/day requirement in second trimester

Answer 17

• 1 extra serve of fruit
  + 1 extra serve of meat
  + 2 extra serves of vegetables

Question 18

what can you aim for in your diet in first trimester to support pregnancy

Answer 18

• follow 5 food groups with your normal energy requirement

Question 19

within several weeks of conception protein metabolism is adjusted - why?

Answer 19

• to maintain maternal homeostasis
• while accommodating increased foetal demands for protein
• and to prepare for alctation

Question 20

protein is involved in structural and functional roles, such as

Answer 20

• formation of keratin
• collagen
• enzymes
• protein transport
• hormone involvement

Question 21

results of different studies on higher protein intake on birth weight

Answer 21

• either increases birth weight or no effect

Question 22

what do carbohydrates provide regarding glucose & are a source of…

Answer 22

• slow release of glucose
• source of micronutrients and dietary fibre

Question 23

what is recommended intake of carbohydrate during pregnancy in grams

Answer 23

at least 175g

Question 24

why are most women consuming less than 175g guideline of carbohydrates during pregnancy

Answer 24

• attempt to improve glycaemic control and pregnancy outcomes

Question 25

what can lead to high glucose in utero and why

Answer 25

- since glucose efficiently crosses placenta - can get high glucose in utero could occur from - too much glucose from high carbohydrate foods (carbohydrate converts to glucose) - high circulating glucose levels in gestational diabetes

Question 26

what can high glucose in utero contribute to

Answer 26

large babies (macrosomia)

Question 27

why do we need to increase fat intake during pregnancy

Answer 27

- maternal concentrations of essential fatty acids decrease by ~40% - need to increase intake fatty acids to meet requirements of mother as well as foetus

Question 28

what is critical role of consumable fatty acid DHA

Answer 28

- role in foetal growth and CNS development

Question 29

what is the critical window of development for DHA intake to support foetus

Answer 29

- third trimester - since foetus not accumulate enough amounts of fats till then

Question 30

what is the consequence of inadequate DHA available in third trimester on the foetus

Answer 30

- irreversible adverse effect on brain

Question 31

supplementation of what during pregnancy has been shown to reduce preterm birth and early pre-term birth, but has contributed to prolonged gestation

Answer 31

omega 3 supplementation

Question 32

what is preterm birth

Answer 32

when baby is born less than 37 weeks gestation

Question 33

what is early preterm birth

Answer 33

baby born at less than 34 weeks gestation

Question 34

what is prolonged gestation

Answer 34

when baby is delivered after 42 weeks gestation

Question 35

what foods tend to have higher amounts of EPA and esp DHA (both types of fatty acids)

Answer 35

- oily fish like salmon, trout, sardines

Question 36

are omega 3 supplements higher in fatty acid EPA or DPA

Answer 36

EPA

Question 37

kj per serve in grains

Answer 37

500kj

Question 38

kj per serve in vegetables

Answer 38

250kj

Question 39

kj per serve in lean meats and fish and legumes and beans

Answer 39

600kj

Question 40

kj per serve in milk, yoghurt, etc

Answer 40

500kj

Question 41

kj per serve in fruits and vegetables

Answer 41

350