Macronutrients

Question 1

Which nutrient groups are organic?

Answer 1

• carbohydrates
• lipids
• proteins
• vitamins

Question 2

Which nutrient groups are inorganic?

Answer 2

• water

- minerals

Question 3

What does it mean for something to be organic?

Answer 3

-contains carbon in chemical structure

C-C or C-H bond

Question 4

What are the three types of water?

Answer 4

• free water
• dietary water
• metabolic water

Question 5

What is dietary water?

Answer 5

-water we take in because it’s in the food we eat

Question 6

What is metabolic water?

Answer 6

• water released during metabolic processes

- oxidation of energy-yielding nutrients produces water

Question 7

T or F: monosaccharides and disaccharides are considered water soluble

Answer 7

True

Question 8

What are examples of 5 and 6 carbon monosaccharides?

Answer 8

• 5 C: ribose

- 6 C: glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 9

What is the name of the bond that joins to monosaccharides to form a disaccharide?

Answer 9

• glycosidic bond

- occurs between two hydroxyls

Question 10

Glucose + Galactose = _______

Answer 10

lactose

Question 11

Glucose + Glucose = _______

Answer 11

maltose

Question 12

Glucose + Fructose = _______

Answer 12

sucrose

Question 13

What polysaccharides make up structural components of the cell wall in plants?

Answer 13

• cellulose
• hemicellulose
• pectin

Question 14

What is the form of long term energy storage for polysaccharides for plants?

Answer 14

-starch

Question 15

In animals, _____ is a polysaccharide that serves as short term energy storage. _____ is a polysaccharide that is more involved with structure, like the exoskeleton in insects

Answer 15

1. glycogen

2. chitin

Question 16

How does peptide formation work?

Answer 16

• COOH of one AA reacts with NH2 of other AA

- results in peptide bond and release of water

Question 17

What are essential nutrients/amino acids?

also called indispensable

Answer 17

• nutrients/AA that cannot be synthesized by animals or not synthesized enough
• must be ingested in diet

Question 18

What acronym is used to remember which AA are essential?

Answer 18

PHILL MT VAT

Phenylalanine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Threonine, Valine, Arginine, Tryptophan

Question 19

______ is an essential beta AA for felids, but not many others.

Answer 19

Taurine

Question 20

Briefly explain what a beta AA is

Answer 20

-required for bodily functions and metabolic activity but not required for protein synthesis

Question 21

What does it mean for an AA to be ketogenic? Which AA are ketogenic

Answer 21

• AA can be broken down into acetyl CoA then ketone bodies for energy for critical organs
• lysine and leucine are ketogenic
• isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and threonine are keto- and glucogenic

Question 22

What does it mean for an AA to be glucogenic?

Answer 22

• non-CHO sources like AA can be used to synthesize glucose

- pyruvate middle step

Question 23

T or F: most fatty acids have an odd number of carbons

Answer 23

False

-most have even number of carbons

Question 24

What’s the difference in structure between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 24

• double bonds present
• saturated=0 DB, saturated with C
• unsaturated=1+ DB, mono and PUFA

Question 25

In regards to fatty acids, DB _____ melting point, cis bonds _____ melting point, longer C chain ______ melting point, and an odd number of C in chain ______ melting point.

Answer 25

1. decreases 2. decreases 3. increases 4. increases

Question 26

In what form are fats stored? What is the basic structure?

Answer 26

- triglycerides | - 3 FA + 1 glycerol

Question 27

T or F: most mammals can synthesize saturated FA, and can also elongate (add C) or desaturate (add DB) fatty acids to form PUFAs

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Which fatty acids are required in most mammal's diets?

Answer 28

- linoleic acid 18:2n6 (plant based) - alpha-linoleic acid 18:3n3 (plant based) * strict carnivores only - arachidonic acid 20:4n6 (animal based)