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Madeira Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

How far is Madeira from Morocco?

A

600km

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2
Q

Island of Madeira discovered when?

A

1419

Colonised by Portugese merchants and their labourers

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3
Q

Wine replaced what to become the main export on Madeira (16th Century)

A

Sugar

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4
Q

Threats to Madeira growing in the 19th and 20th centuries

A

Powdery mildew
Phylloxera (mid to late 19thC) = destroy vines, reduce yields
Prohibition, World Wars, Russian Revolution = hit business
Changing consumer tastes

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5
Q

Portugal became part of the EU when?

A

1986

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6
Q

Madeira climate

A 
Warm summers (20-22C average)
Mild winters (16-17C)
Lack of winter dormancy a problem in warmest sites
Mountainous island with range of microclimates
Coolest temperatures at altitude
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7
Q

Land under vine in Madeira

A

450ha

(total area is 74,000ha0

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8
Q

Highest altitudes for vineyards in Madeira

A

800m

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9
Q

Soils in Madeira

A

Volcanic origin, high in nutrients
Plentiful rain
= fertile conditions, vigorous vines

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10
Q

Grape varieties in Madeira

A 
Tinta Negra
Sercial
Verdelho
Boal
Malvasia
Terrantez
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11
Q

What happened to grape varieties in Madeira after phylloxera?

A

Vitis vinifera replaced with hybrids and American vines
Resistant to pests and disease = large reliable crops
But lower quality
EU schemes helped pull a lot of these out but some remain (not allowed for Madeira though)

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12
Q

Main vinifera grape variety planted since phylloxera?

A

Tinta Negra
High yields, easy to grow
“Recommended” category

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13
Q

Tinta Negra

A 
Black grape
Most planted on island
High yield, easy to grow
Since 2015: grape name allowed on label
Used for Madeira labelled by sweetness rather than grape variety
All sweetness levles
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14
Q

Sercial

A 
High acidity
Driest styles of Madeira
Late ripening - last picked in cool sites (barely above min level of potential alcohol)
Resists powdery mildew
Risk of Botrytis
Poor fruit set
Small plantings
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15
Q

Verdelho

A 
Second most planted vinifera variety
High acid (slightly lower than Sercial)
Botrytis, coulure, downy, powdery
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16
Q

Boal

A

Umbrella term
Boal Cachudo on Madeira (aka Malvasia Fina, from White Port)
Warm, low altitude sites, south of island
Drought = needs irrigation
Semi-sweet

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17
Q

Malvasia

A 
Umbrella term
Malvasia Candida historically important
Today Malvasia de Sao Jorge
High yields
Botrytis
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18
Q

Terrantez

A

Very limited plantings
Powdery, botrytis
Picked soon after reaches 9%abv

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19
Q

Vine training system on madeira

A

Pergola system called “latadas”
Allows air circulation above and beneath vine = reduce fungal in humid climate
Other crops grown underneath, effective use of small landholing
Also cordon trained, VSP (espaldeira)

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20
Q

Disease pressure high or low in Madeira?

A

High
Warm, humid climate
Downy mildew, botrytis, phomopsis
Use canopy management and spraying fungicide

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21
Q

Irrigation practised in Madeira?

A

Yes, widely

Rainwater carried from centre of island to vineyard areas by irrigation channel called Levadas

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22
Q

What are Levadas?

A

Irrigation channels on Madeira

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23
Q

What are Latadas?

A

Vine training pergola system in Madiera

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24
Q

Irrigation needed more on south of Madeira, why?

A

Lower rainfall in south

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25
When is harvest in Madeira?
Late Aug, early Sept | Decided by IVBAM in consultation with growers
26
Hand or machine harvest?
Hand usually, given topography
27
Minimum potential alcohol?
9% | Grapes picked at no more than 11% generally
28
What are the deciding factors for grape prices in Madeira?
``` Grape health Grape variety (traditional Sercial, Verdelho, Boal, Malvasia and Terrantez higher price than Tinta Negra) ```
29
Max yield in Madeira?
It varies according to vintage condition | High 150hl/ha not unusual (fertile soils, lots of water)
30
Skin contact in Madeira?
Sometimes. Tinta Negra fermented on skins for medium sweet and sweet styles
31
Timing of fortification in Madeira?
It dpeends Sweeter styles fortfied earlier in the fermentation (could be as little as two days into ferment) Dry styles ferment for about a week before fortification
32
Fortifying alcohol in Madeira?
96% grape spirit (vs 77% in Port) neutral in style
33
Madeira abv after fortification
17-18%
34
Madiera is fined before maturation. What is used for fining?
Bentonite, gelatine, albumin
35
Madiera is filtered before maturation. What with?
Diatomaceous earth
36
Maturation in Madeira replciates what?
Hot, oxidative conditions of shipping wine in 17th and 18th centuries
37
Two maturation pathways for Madeira
Estufagem | Canteiro
38
Name of vessels used for Estufagem
Estufas
39
What are estufas
Stainless steel vessels used in Estufagem process Stainless steel Heated to 45-50C, min 3 months Sealed by IVBAM, seal broken by IVBAM
40
Estufagem process
Wine heated 45-50C Min 3 mths (sealed and unsealed by IVBAM) Sealed tank but not filled to top = some oxidation Wine allowed to cool, filtered and left to rest 6-12 mths Wines cant be sold til 31st October second year following ahrvest "Baked or stewed" historically but process has improved Does not give same complexity Usually 3-5 yo wines from Tinta Negra
41
Canteiro
higher qualtiy wines Longer and more resource intensive than estufagem Old oak in warm environment, heated by sun 400-700L small headspace = oxidative development 25-40C
42
Result of Canteiro ageing
Higher alcohol (evaporation of water) = 19-20% Sugar, acid and aroma concentrate Volatile acidity rises Need topping gup regularly
43
After canteiro, further ageing in what kind of vessels
Large wood, stainless steel, demi-johns
44
Canteiro unsealed after how long?
5 years Opened by IVBAM Producer can ask to check during it/decide to age for 5 more years
45
Result of oxidation on madeira style
Colour turns brown Primary aromas develop to tertiary dried fruit Caramelisation of sugar in wine Dried apricot, raisin, caramel, chocolate, nuts, smoky character
46
Why Madiera non vintage?
Blending different vintages and vyds = consistent style
47
Caramel can be added to madeira true or false
True. inexpensive and mid-priced, add colour
48
How to add colour in Madeira?
Caramel
49
How to remove colour in Madiera?
Carbon fining
50
How to increase sweetness in Madeira?
RCGM
51
How to decrease sweetness in Madeira?
Blend with drier wine
52
Style of Sercial Madeira?
Extra dry/dry Light colour, light body Citrus peel, nuts
53
Style of Verdelho Madeira
medium dry more RS, more body, roundness (vs Sercial) Slightly sweet, candied fruit flavours
54
Style of Boal Madeira
medium sweet Fuller and sweeter than Verdelho Darker colour Caramel, chocolate, candied nuts
55
Style of Malvasia Madeira
``` sweet aka Malmsey full bodied, brown colour Sweetest style, baalnced with high acid raisins, caramel ```
56
Style of Terrantez Madeira
medium dry/medium sweet citrus peel, caramel, flora hint of delicacy
57
Style of Tinya Negra Madeira
any level of sweetness
58
All Madeira must be labelled with a bottling date. T/F
True | Since 2015
59
Age indications for Madeira
5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 and "More than 50" yo
60
What does age indication mean?
Indication of style rather than minimum or average
61
Rainwater Madeira
Relatively light alcohol, body and flavours 18% medium dry max age 10 years
62
Frasqueira
aka Garrafeira Flagship of a producer's range aged in wood min 20 years single vintage
63
Colheita
vintage Madeira aged in wood 5 yrs min much lower ageing requirements than Frasqueira
64
How many growers in Madeira?
1,000 growers | highly fragmented; average holding 0.3ha
65
How many producers in Madeira?
Eight (!) Highly consolidated Biggest: Justino's, Madeira Wine Company, Henriques & Henriques
66
Which two Madeira producers also own or rent vineyards?
Henriques & Henriques Madeira Wine Company (cover only small % of their production; they buy from hundreds of growers)
67
IVBAM founded when?
2006
68
Sales of Madeira globally?
reatively stable for a few decades 3.2m litres mostly corrente standard blend Madiera, from Tinta Negra
69
"corrente"
standard blends e.g. Blandy's Duke of Clarence, Henriques & Henriques Full Rich
70
Largest market for Madeira?
France
71
Top 3 markets for Madeira
1. France 2. Madeira 3. Germany
72
Key markets for expensive Madeira?
Madeira itself | Japan

diploma rough (18 decks)

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