Main Theorists Flashcards
1
Q
Young + Willmott (M.o.P)
A
Men are doing more domestic tasks as women are becoming dual earners due to social changes:
- Changes in women’s positions.
- New technology - labour saving devices.
- Higher living standards.
2
Q
Gershuny (cultural)
A
- Women who work full time have a shared division of labour.
- Parental role models are important in establishing new norms - couples whose parents had a more equal relationship were more likely to share housework equally themselves.
- 70% of couples said they made equal decisions.
3
Q
Man Yee Kan (material)
A
- Younger men do more domestic work.
- For every extra £10K, women have 2 hours less of housework.
4
Q
Sullivan (material)
A
Working full-time compared to part-time affects the amount of domestic work each partner does.
5
Q
Crompton (material)
A
- If equality depends on economic equality, there is no immediate prospect
- 7/8 households where men earn more.
6
Q
Oakley (F)
A
- 15% husbands helped with house work.
- 25% helped in childcare.
7
Q
Boulton
A
Less than 20% of husbands had a major role in childcare.
8
Q
Dex + Warde
A
Involvement in childcare until the child was sick (1%).
9
Q
Duncombe + Marsden (F)
A
Triple shift: domestic, paid + emotion work.
10
Q
Hochschild
A
Emotion work - managing feelings of family members.
11
Q
Bott
A
- Segregated conjugal roles - male breadwinner, female carer.
- Joint conjugal roles - couples share tasks + spend their leisure time together.
12
Q
Dunne
A
Lesbians have a symmetrical gender relationship due to the absence of gender scripts.
13
Q
Pahl + Vogler
A
- Allowance - men give their wives a budget, retaining surplus income.
- Pooling - sharing money in a joint bank account.
14
Q
Barrett + McIntosh
A
Men gain more from women’s domestic work than they give back in financial support.
15
Q
Finch
A
Women’s lives revolve around their husbands’ careers.
16
Q
Edgell
A
- Very important decisions: husband.
- Important decisions: joint.
- Less important decisions: wife.
- Southern: women manage the family’s quality time (less important).
17
Q
Southern
A
Women manage the family’s quality time (less important).
18
Q
Smart (PLP)
A
- Gays attach no importance to who controlled the money - control of money didn’t mean inequality in a relationship.
- Different types of childhoods, e.g. disabled, girl, Chinese.
- Connectedness thesis - connections influence our choices.
19
Q
Official Statistics (D.V)
A
- 2 women a week killed by an ex or current male partner.
- Nearly 1/4 women have been assaulted by a partner.
- Every 3 victims: 2 women, 1 man.
- Cheal: police are reluctant to get involved as family is considered private - affects validity of official statistics.
20
Q
Cheal
A
Police are reluctant to get involved as family is considered private - affects validity of official statistics.
21
Q
Yearnshire
A
Women suffer average of 35 attacks before reporting to police.
22
Q
Dobash + Dobash (R.F)
A
- Domestic violence is caused by patriarchy + need for men to assert their power.
- Elliot: not all men are aggressive + violence.
23
Q
Walby (F)
A
Violence - men use their physicality to intimidate women.
24
Q
Wilkinson + Pickett (M)
A
Stress of less resources leads to violence.
25
Ansley (M.F)
D.V is a product of capitalism - men frustrated at work take it out on their wives.
26
Giddens (P.M)
D.V is caused by emotional intensity + family life.
27
Pilcher
- Childhood is distinct / clear lifestage
- Separateness: dress, laws, products.
28
Postman
Childhood is disappearing through collapse of information hierarchy, technology, crimes, rights.
29
Opie
Criticises Postman: continued existence of a separate children’s culture.
30
Jenks (P.M)
Childhood is changing as the family becomes unstable + complex.
31
Aries (M.o.P)
- In the olden days, childhood was not a concept as children were seen as mini-adults - same: punishments; laws; clothes.
- Cult of childhood - notion of childhood emerged from the 13c - introduction of: schools; books on child rearing.
32
Shorter (M.o.P)
High death rates encouraged indifference. Changes:
- Laws: restricting child labour, compulsory education, child protection.
- Lower infant mortality rates + declining family sizes.
- Donzelot: medical knowledge on child development.
33
Wagg
There is no single, universal childhood - it’s a social construction.
34
West
- Western notion of childhood is spreading globally.
- Western culture - children are separated as they are seen as vulnerable.
35
Benedict
Childhood varies from culture to culture:
- They have more responsibility at home and work.
- Less value is placed on obedience to adult authority.
- Children's sexual behaviour is viewed differently.
36
Firth
Tikopia places less value on children showing obedience to adults.
37
Punch
In Bolivia, children at five are expected to work.
38
Holmes
In Samoa, age is not a reason to not partake in work.
39
Palmer
Toxic childhood - children’s development is damaged.
- Caused by: rapid technological + cultural changes.
- Range from: junk food; computer games; poor sleep; emotional security; little time to interact with family.
- Increase in: mental health; self-harm; substance abuse.
40
Hillman
- Boys + girls are socialised into gender roles.
- Bedroom culture - reading + talking with friends.
41
Brannen
Asian parents were stricter towards their daughters.
42
Bhatti
Ideas of izzat (family honour) restricts their behaviour.
43
Firestone (M)
Protection from paid work makes children more dependent, powerless + subject to adult control.
44
Gittins
Age patriarchy - adult domination + child dependency, specifically the father’s power over his wife + children.
45
Durkheim (F)
- Organic analogy - society is a system that is made up of different but interdependent parts (e.g. education system), maintaining a value consensus.
- Value consensus - a shared set of norms and values (or culture).
46
Murdock (F)
Nuclear family performs essential functions for society.
- Satisfaction of the sex drive - monogamous, hetrosexual relationships.
- Reproduction - next generation.
- Socialisation - norms to integrate into society.
- Economic needs - e.g. providing food and shelter.
47
Parsons (F)
- Instrumental (man) + expressive (women) roles that are based on biological differences.
- Functional fit - family changes to meet needs of society.
- Primary socialisation - teach basic skills + society's values.
- Geographical mobility - easier for two-generational nuclear family to move.
48
New Right
- Self-reliance - dependency culture on state welfare: undermines traditional gender roles; family breakdown; lone parent families.
- Lack of a male role model leads to delinquency.
49
Murray (N.R)
- D.V occurs in l/c due to low morals.
- Other family types are seen as unnatural and producing social problems: delinquency; welfare benefits.
- Perverse incentives - rewards irresponsible behaviour.
50
Engles (M)
Inheritance of wealth - m/c ensure that wealth stays within the family.
51
Zaretsky (M)
- Cushioning effect - family acts as comfort for the oppressive workplace.
- Unit of consumption - workers are paid less than what is charged to create the product.
52
Althusser (M)
- Ideological state apparatus - socialisation to accept the r/c’s ideologies.
- Creating the next generation of workers.
53
Feminism
- L.F: gender equality through legal reforms + policy changes.
- M.F: women are a reserve army of cheap labour.
- R.F: political lesbianism - complete separatism from men.
- Difference: not all women share the same experiences of oppression.
54
Giddens (L.M)
- Pure relationship - ends when the relationship no longer meets needs.
- May: Giddens' view reflects an idealised version of a white m/c man.
55
Beck (L.M)
- Individualisation thesis - traditional social structures have lost their influence.
- Fragmentation of cultures + lifestyles - increase in family diversity.
- May: Beck's view reflects an idealised version of a white m/c man.
56
Stacey (F)
- Women have greater freedom + choice.
- Divorce-Extended family - help each other despite lack of connection.
57
PLP
- Traditional social structures have weakened but still influence people.
- We choose the families that we want + need, based on past experiences rather than an open choice.
58
Smart + Nordqvist
Donor conceived children - social over genetic relationship.
59
Birth Rates
- Decline in the birth rate.
- More women are remaining childless nowadays.
- Women are having children later: average age of 30.
60
Total Fertility Rates
- TFR: 1960s - 2.9; 2001 - 1.63.
- Affects family and household size.
61
Reasons for Changing Birth Rates
- Changes in the position of women.
- Fall in the infant mortality rate: 1900 - 154; 2007 - 5.
- Improved housing, sanitation, nutrition, knowledge of medical knowledge + child health.
- Economic liability: estimated cost of raising children for 21 years: £227,000.
- Child-centredness: 'quantity' to 'quality'.
62
Death Rates
Death rates halved from 19 in 1900, down to 10 by 2007.
63
Reasons for Death Rates
- Improved nutrition - better diet accounted for half the reduction in the death rate.
- Medical improvements, e.g. NHS (1948).
- Public health, e.g. better housing, purer drinking water.
Social changes - decline of dangerous manual occupations (e.g. mining); greater public knowledge of the causes of illnesses.
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