Major American Planning Movements

Question 1

Late 1800s-early 1900s

Address poverty/crime/blight via moral and civic virtues - beautiful cities would lead to virtious lives.

Daniel Burnham

Beaux-Arts civic venters based on Burnham’s White City (Columbian Exposition - 1893)

McMillan Plan (Washington, D.C. - 1901) tried to ressuret L’Enfant’s 1791 plan (restore city w/ civic greatness)

Answer 1

City Beautiful Movement

Question 2

Ebenezer Howard’s “To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform” (1898) to be reissued as “Garden Cities of To-morrow” (1902).

Self-contained/ 6,000 acres/ 32,000 people

30K houses on 1k acres - rest for farming and farmers

Economic/social reform - land owned by corperations

Letchworth (1903)

Inspired “New Town” movement in U.S. like Sunnyside Gardens (Queens, NYC) by Clarence Stein - planned city with GC components.

First U.S. Garden City = Radburn, NJ (1928) by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright

Answer 2

Garden City Movement

Question 3

AKA “City Scientific”

Openly denounced City Beautiful (1909) as too focused on image over function/efficiency.

Answer 3

The City Efficient

Question 4

Arose during Great Depression (1930s) with foucs on jobs and housing.

FDR’s establishes Resettlement Admin. (1935) which builds Greenbelt Towns - Greendale, WI; Greenhills, OH; and Greenbelt, MD.

Answer 4

The City Humane

Question 5

Post WWII Britain

12+ towns based on Howard’s ideas.

Most just became suburbs - no true industry or city center.

Answer 5

New Towns Act (1946) - United Kingdom

Question 6

Developed alongside military growth and post-war industrialization (1940s)

Emphasized administrative efficinecy

Answer 6

City Functional Movement