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MAKEUP EXAM REVIEW Flashcards

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1
Q

What is health psychology?

A

An exciting and relatively new field that is devoted to understanding psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why they become ill, and how they respond when they do get ill

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2
Q

How is health psychology different from clinical psychology?

A

Health psychology focuses on the interplay between psychological factors and physical health, while clinical psychology concentrates on mental health disorders, their diagnosis, and treatment

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3
Q

What is an example of a research question that health psychologists would try to answer?

A

What motivates people to make healthy choices?
How do patients cope with chronic illness or life-threatening conditions?

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4
Q

Etiology

A

the origins or causes of illness

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5
Q

Epidemiology

A

the study of the frequency, distribution, and causes of infectious and noninfectious diseases in a population

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6
Q

morbidity

A

refers to the number of cases of a disease that exist at some given point in time

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7
Q

mortality

A

refers to the number of deaths due to particular cases

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8
Q

meta-analysis

A

combines results from different studies to identify how strong the evidence is for particular research findings

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9
Q

prospective research

A

looks forward in time to see how a group of people change, or how a relationship between two variables change over timej

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10
Q

experiment

A

a researcher creates two or more conditions that differ from each other in exact and predetermined ways

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11
Q

double-blind randomized clinical trial

A

a type of study where neither the participants nor the researchers know which treatment (experimental or placebo) each participant is receiving until the end of the trial

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12
Q

evidence-based medicine

A

medical and psychological interventions go through rigorous testing and evaluation of their benefits, usually through randomized clinical trials, before they become standard of care

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13
Q

acute illness

A

short-term illnesses, often a result of a viral or bacterial invader that usually amenable to cure

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14
Q

chronic illnesses

A

slowly developing diseases with which people live for many years and that typically cannot be cured but rather are managed by patient and health care providers

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15
Q

humoral theory of illness

A

disease resulted when the four humors or circulating fluids of the body– blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm are out of balance

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16
Q

biomedical model

A

assumes that psychological and social processes are largely irrelevant to the disease process

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17
Q

psychosomatic model

A

physical illnesses can be influenced by psychological factors like stress, anxiety, or unresolved conflicts

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18
Q

biopsychosocial model

A

the idea that the mind and the body together determine health and illness logically implies a model for studying these issues

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19
Q

the ______ medical model is currently being replaced by the _____ medical model

A

bio, biopsychosocial

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20
Q

what is the main function of the nervous and endocrine systems?

A

to act as the control systems of the body– mobilizing it in times of threat and otherwise maintaining equilibrium and normal functioning

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21
Q

how does the nervous system primarily operate?

A

through the exchange of nerve impulses between the peripheral nerve endings and internal organs and the brain

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22
Q

the endocrine system operates chemically via the release of hormones stimulated by ______.

A

centers in the brain

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23
Q

what does the endocrine system do?

A

controls growth and development and augments the functioning of the nervous system

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24
Q

the cardiovascular system is the _____ system of the body.

A

transport

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25
what does the cardiovascular system do?
carries oxygen and nutrients to cell tissues and takes carbon dioxide and other wastes away from the tissues for expulsion from the body
26
the heart acts as a pump to control _____ and is responsive to regulate via the ____ and _____ system.
circulation nervous endocrine
27
atherosclerosis
the buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls, which makes cardiovascular diseases a major cause of death in the US and other developed nations
28
what is the job of the respiratory system?
to take in oxygen, expel carbon dioxide, and control the chemical composition of the blood
29
what is the role of the digestive system?
to produce heat and energy, which-- along with essential nutrients-- are needed for the growth and repair of cells
30
what does the renal system do?
aids in metabolic processes by regulating water balance, electrolyte balance, and blood acidity-alkalinity water-soluble wastes are flushed out of the system in the urine
31
the reproductive system leads to the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics. through this system, the species is _____, and genetic material is ______ from parents to their offspring.
reproduced, transmitted
32
what is the immune system responsible for?
warding off infection from invasion by foreign substances
33
health promotion
enables people to increase control over and improve their health-- involving the practice of good health behaviors and the avoidance or elimination of health-compromising ones
34
what age group do health-promotion efforts target?
children and adolescents-- before the bad health habits are set into place people at risk for disorders to prevent those disorders from occurring older adults to help contain the soaring costs of health care later in life
35
CBT
a therapy that brings clients into the treatment process by drawing on principles of self-control and self-reinforcement
36
classical conditioning
the pairing of an unconditioned reflex with a new stimulus, producing a conditioned reflex
37
operant conditioning
positive or negative reinforcements
38
health-enhancing behaviors
practiced by people to improve their current and future health
39
examples of health-enhancing behaviors
exercise, accident prevention measures, cancer detection processes, consumption of a healthy diet, 7 to 8 hours of sleep each night
40
people are more likely to exercise when?
it is convenient and they like it
41
health-compromising behaviors
threaten or undermine good health
42
when are events perceived as stressful?
when people believe that their resources may not be sufficient to meet the harm, threat, or challenge posed by the stressor
43
allostatic load
refers to the physiological costs of chronic exposure to the physiological changes that result from repeated or chronic stress
44
primary appraisal
occurs as a person is trying to understand what the event is and what it will mean
45
secondary appraisal
assess whether personal resources are sufficient to meet the demands of the environment
46
reactivity
the degree of change that occurs in autonomic, neuroendocrine, and / or immune responses as a result of stress
47
coping
the process of managing demands that tax or exceed a person's resources
48
what are coping efforts guided by?
internal resources such as optimism, personal control, and self-esteem and external resources such as time, money, the absence of simultaneous life stressors, and social support
49
coping styles
predispositions to cope with stress in particular ways
50
coping strategies
attempts to address the demands of a specific stressful experience
51
when are coping efforts judged to be successful?
when they reduce physiological indicators of arousal, enable the person to resume desired activities, and free the individual from psychological distress
52
social support
involves tangible assistance, information, or emotional comfort that lets people know they are loved and cared for, esteemed and valued, and part of a social network
53
commonsense model of illness
argues that people hold implicit commonsense beliefs about their symptoms and illnesses that result in organized illness representation or schemas
54
behavioral delay
the time between deciding to seek treatment and actually doing so
55
medical delay
the time that elapses between the person's calling for an appointment and his or her receiving appropriate medical care
56
health services are used disproportionately by the very _____ and the very _____.
young and old
57
how do practitioners contribute to poor communication?
not listening using jargon-filled explanations alternating between overly technical explanations and infantilizing baby talk communicating negative expectations depersonalizing the patient
58
how do patients contribute to poor communication?
failing to learn details of their disorder and treatment failing to give providers the correct information failing to follow through on treatment recommendations
59
what does poor communication lead to?
nonadherence to treatment and potentially the initiation of malpractice litigation
60
pain
the symptom of primary concern to patients and leads them to seek medical attention
61
gate-control theory of pain
a-delta fibers conduct fast and sharp localized pain; c-fibers conduct slow and aching long-lasting pain
62
acute pain
short term and specific to a particular injury or disease
63
chronic pain
constant pain
64
nociception
pain perception that results from mechanical damage to the tissues of the body
65
at any given time ____ percent of the population has at least one chronic condition that requires medical management
50
66
euthanasia
assisted death
67
hospice
system of care for the terminally ill
68
the immune system is the :
surveillance system of the body that guards against foreign invaders

health psychology (7 decks)

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