Malaria

Question 1

Malaria is caused by a parasite called

Answer 1

Plasmodium

Question 2

In the human body, the causative agent of malaria multiplies in the _____, and then infect _____

Answer 2

Liver, RBCs

Question 3

Vector for transmission of plasmodium

Answer 3

Anopheles mosquito

Question 4

Give the four Plasmodium spp that are used as vectors for transmission of malaria

Answer 4

P vivax, P falciparum, P malariae, P ovale

Question 5

Benign tertian

Answer 5

P vivax or P malariae

Question 6

Malignant tertian

Answer 6

P falciparum

Question 7

Quartian malaria

Answer 7

P ovale

Question 8

Incubation period of P vivax

Answer 8

8-17 days

Question 9

Which sp has an incubation period of 18-40 days

Answer 9

P malariae

Question 10

Which sp has an incubation period of 9-14 days

Answer 10

P falciparum

Question 11

What is the incubation period of P ovale

Answer 11

16-18 days

Question 12

Match the day of when the symptoms start to show:
A. 12 days
B. 17 days
C. 28 days
D. 14 days

Answer 12

A. 12 days - P falciparum
B. 17 days - P ovale
C. 28 days - P malariae
D. 14 days - P vivax

Question 13

Sexual reproductive phase in mosquito is known as

Answer 13

Sporogony

Question 14

Infective stage of plasmodium

Answer 14

Sporozoite

Question 15

Humans serve as ____ host of plasmodium spp

Answer 15

Intermediate

Question 16

Which Plasmodium spp have a dormant stage

Answer 16

P vivax and P ovale

Question 17

What are hypnozoites

Answer 17

Dormant stage of P vivax and P ovale

Question 18

What do you call the cycle wherein the parasite replicate initially in the liver

Answer 18

Exo-erythrocytic cycle

Question 19

The parasites (Plasmodium sp) undergo asexual multiplication in the

Answer 19

RBCs or erythrocytes

Question 20

A malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquito inoculates ____ into the human host

Answer 20

sporozoites

Question 21

The ___ stage parasites are responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease

Answer 21

Blood

Question 22

Sporozoites infect which type of cells

Answer 22

Liver cells

Question 23

After infecting liver cells, sporozoites mature into ____

Answer 23

Schizonts

Question 24

Schizonts rupture and release ____

Answer 24

Merozoites

Question 25

What stage of the parasite infects red blood cells

Answer 25

Merozoites

Question 26

At which stage does the parasite mature into schizonts during erythrocytic cycle

Answer 26

Ring stage trophozoites

Question 27

The sexual erythrocytic stage of plasmodium

Answer 27

Gametocytes

Question 28

Male and female gametocytes are also called

Answer 28

Microgametocytes and macrogametocytes

Question 29

The parasites’ multiplication in the mosquito is known as the

Answer 29

Sporogonic cycle

Question 30

Which body part of the mosquito does the microgametes penetrate the macrogametes generating zygotes

Answer 30

Mosquito’s stomach

Question 31

The zygotes become motile and elongated (ookinetes) which invade which part of the mosquito

Answer 31

Midgut wall

Question 32

Ookines in the midgut wall of the mosquito develop into

Answer 32

Oocytes

Question 33

The oocysts grow, rupture, and release ____

Answer 33

Sporozoites

Question 34

Sporozoites make their way to the mosquito’s

Answer 34

Salivary glands

Question 35

Which plasmodium spp are commonly found in africa

Answer 35

P malariae and P ovale

Question 36

P vivax predominates in ______

Answer 36

Central America

Question 37

P falciparum predominates _____

Answer 37

Africa

Question 38

Prevalence of these two species is almost equal in Indian subcontinent, South America, East Asia

Answer 38

P vivax and P falciparum

Question 39

Give clinical features of nonspecific malaria

Answer 39

Fatigue, abdominal discomfort, classic paroxysm of fever, anemia, mild jaundice, nausea, vomiting

Question 40

Give clinical features of complicated malaria

Answer 40

Cerebral malaria, acidosis, severe jaundice, septicemia, hypoglycemia

Question 41

Give clinical features of chronic complication malaria

Answer 41

Tropical splenomegaly, quartan malaria nephropathy

Question 42

What is thick smear used for

Answer 42

Detecting the presence of parasites and/or detecting level of parasitemia

Question 43

What is thin smear used for

Answer 43

Species identification of parasites detected on thick smears

Question 44

Give newer tests used for diagnosis of malaria

Answer 44

plasmodium falciparum histidine rich protein II (PFHRP II) dipstick test, parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) dipstick test, PCR

Question 45

What antimalarial drug is used despite high resistance rates

Answer 45

Chloroquine

Question 46

The first line treatment for uncomplicated plasmodium falciparum malaria recommended by WHO

Answer 46

Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs)

Question 47

Treatment for uncomplicated malaria

Answer 47

Chloroquine or amodiaquine

Question 48

Treatment for uncomplicated malaria (sensitive P falciparum malaria)

Answer 48

Artesunate + sulfadoxime + pyrimethamine, or artesunate + amodiaquine

Question 49

Treatment for uncomplicated malaria (multidrug resistance P falciparum)

Answer 49

Artimether-lumefantrine or artesunate + mefloquine

Question 50

Treatment for uncomplicated malaria (2nd line)

Answer 50

Artesunate or quinine + tetracycline, doxycycline, clindamycin

Question 51

Radical treatment (P vivax and P ovale )

Answer 51

Primaquine

Question 52

Treatment for severe P falciparum malaria

Answer 52

Artesunate/artemetherr/quinine/quinidine

Question 53

Explain resistance I

Answer 53

Parasitemia clears up but recur in 7 days (early type) 14 days (delayed type)

Question 54

Which type of resistance marks decline up to 25% or less in 48 hours but no clearance of parasites

Answer 54

Resistance II

Question 55

Explain resistance III

Answer 55

Reduction <75% during 48 hours or even increase w/ preliminary decrease

Question 56

What happens to infected RBCs in malignant tertian malaria caused by P falciparum

Answer 56

Infected RBCs form clusters called ROSSETS that block end organ capillaries, causing renal failure and cerebral malaria

Question 57

Test that uses antibodies to detect malaria antigens in whole blood

Answer 57

Rapid diagnostic test (RDT) or immunochromatographic test (ICT)