Malaria Flashcards
(74 cards)
1
Q
kills one child in 20
before the age of 5
A
Malaria
2
Q
how many people are affected with Malaria every year?
A
Every year, more than 225 million people become
severely ill with malaria
3
Q
How many people die from malaria?
A
800,000 people die each year.
4
Q
Based on
epidemiological
considerations Alphonse
Laveran concluded what?
A
“Swamp fevers are due
to a germ”
5
Q
He discovered Malaria’s life cycle
A
Alphonse Laveran, 1880
6
Q
Who is Giovanni Maria Lancisi?
A
He first described a characteristic black pigmentation of the brain and
spleen in the victims of malaria. Lancisi linked malaria with poisonous
vapours of swamps or stagnant water on the ground
7
Q
Who is Camillo Golgi?
A
an Italian neurophysiologist, established that there were at least two forms of the disease, one with tertian periodicity (fever every other day) and one with quartan periodicity (fever every third day). • He prepared high quality micrographs and described the asexual replication of the parasite within the red blood cell • He observed that fever coincided with the rupture and release of merozoites into the blood stream. • He was awarded a Nobel Prize in Medicine for his discoveries in neurophysiology in 1906.
8
Q
Who is Patrick Manson?
A
Discovered the transmission of Wucheria
9
Q
He demonstrated that mosquitos are also involved in the transmission of human malaria
A
battista Grassi
10
Q
He identified the major vectors of plasmodium
A
Battista Grassi
11
Q
He shows how plasmodium enters an orgnism
A
Ronald Ross, 1902
12
Q
The first one to notice parasites in the blood of a patient suffering from malaria
A
Alphonse Laveran, 1907
13
Q
Use plasmodium as a treatment for dementia
A
Junius Wagner-Jauregg. 1927
14
Q
Discovered the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods
A
Paul Muller
15
Q
Discovered the structure of the nervous system - Malaria.
A
Camilo Golgi
16
Q
The parasite spends part of its life cycle inside the red blood cells
A
Plasmodium
17
Q
Humans act as intermediate hosts where sexual and asexual forms of the parasite are found.
A
Plasmodium
18
Q
The parasite is transmitted by the
bite of the female anopheline
mosquito which acts as the
definitive host
A
Plasmodium
19
Q
malignant tertian malaria. Tropics.
Accounts for 50% of all malaria cases. Most pathogenic.
A
Plasmodium falciparum:
20
Q
causes benign tertian malaria. Tropics,
subtropics, and some temperate regions. Mostly found in Asia. About 43%
of all malaria cases. Some Africans are refractory to infection because
they lack the red cell receptor that the parasite use to enter.
A
Plasmodium vivax:
21
Q
quartan malaria. Subtropics. About 7% of
malaria cases
A
Plasmodium malariae:
22
Q
mild tertian malaria. West Africa,
occasionally East Africa. Rare. It was used to treat syphilis
A
Plasmodium ovale
23
Q
Invades erythrocytes
A
Merozoite
24
Q
invades mosquito salivary gland and liver cells
A
sporozites
25
invades mosquito's gut epithelial cells
ookinete
26
blood forms what when infected with plasmodium?
```
merozoites
rings
trophozoite
schizonts
"MRTS"
```
27
Mosquito forms what when infected with plasmodium?
```
gametocytes
oocyst
ookinete
sporozoite
"GOOS"
```
28
Describe Malaria's life cycle
```
zygote
ookinete
oocyst
sporozoite
mosquito's salivary gland
female mosquito injects sporozoites
sporozoites invade liver cells
sporozoites turn to merozoite
schizont ruptures and mezoroites are released into the blood
merozoite transform into ring stage trophozoite and some become gametocytes.
mosquito bites you and sucks blood with gametocytes.
Release eggs infected with plasmodium.
CYCLE GOES ON
```
29
How many days does it take for sporozoite development in mosquitoes?
10-14 days
30
made up of thousands of merozoites
schizont
31
What is a sporozoite?
• 10-15 μm long
• 2 sporozoite surface proteins contain hepatocyte
adhesive domains (CSP circumsporozoite protein and
TRAP thrombospondin related anonymous protein)
• Both proteins bind to glycosoaminoglycans on the surface
of hepatocytes and this binding is important for entry
32
schionts take how many days to develop?
5-7 days
33
```
the parasite
undergoes
multiple rounds
of mitosis to
generate nuclei
that are
assembled into
the daughter
merozoites.
At 48 hours, the
infected
erythrocyte
ruptures to
release
merozoites.What is this structure?
```
schizogony
34
What is the ring stage?
```
1st 14-16 hours
spent as ring
stage, or young
trophozoite
• little to no Hb
degradation
• only form seen in
blood films of P.
falciparum
```
35
What is a trophozoite?
It forms inside the RBC after 10-18 hours post infection.
| It takes up Hg and digest it in a food vacuole
36
SCHIZOGONY
```
form of asexual
reproduction in which multiple
mitoses take place, followed by
cytokinesis resulting in multiple
daughter cells
• multiple mitoses produce 20-24 nuclei
• once nuclei & organelles replicated
cytokinesis occurs
• rupture of RBC membrane releases
merozoites
```
37
What is gamogony?
Formation of gametocytes
38
```
form of asexual
reproduction in which multiple
mitoses take place, followed by
cytokinesis resulting in multiple
daughter cells
• multiple mitoses produce 20-24 nuclei
• once nuclei & organelles replicated
cytokinesis occurs
• rupture of RBC membrane releases
merozoites
```
Ookinete
39
These invade the mosquito's salivary gland
sporozoites
40
Clinical Symptoms of Malaria
patient’s symptoms and physical examination.
The first symptoms (fever, chills, sweats, headaches, muscle pains, nausea
and vomiting) are not specific.
In severe malaria, clinical findings are more striking (confusion, coma,
neurologic focal signs, severe anemia, respiratory difficulties.
41
Transmission of Malaria
Female anopheles mosquitoes, and blood transfusion (ei, organ transplant, sharing of needles)
** Transmission is greater in warmer areas
42
Species of anopheles present in the area influence the intensity of transmission. Might be resistant to insecticides
anopheles mosquitoes
43
Malaria and sickle cell, Malaria and negative duffy blood group
People with sickle cell are resistant to plasmodium
44
Prevention of Malaria
use of bed nets, getting rid of stagnant water, cleanliness, insecticides
45
Malaria and pregnancy
severe maternal anemia
delivery of low infant
fetal loss
46
Malaria and HIV
```
HIV-associated immunosuppression
contributes to more and worse malaria
and its consequences in adults, pregnant
women, and children.
• Malaria contributes to stimulus of HIV
replication and possibly(?) to its
consequences: disease progression,
transmission in adults, and mother to
child transmission.
• Co-infection with Malaria and HIV in
pregnant women contributes to anemia,
low birth weight, and their risk for poor
infant survival.
• Malarial anemia in children too frequently
requires blood transfusion and may still
lead to HIV
transmission
```
47
President's Malaria Initiative (PMI)
represents an
historic five-year expansion of U.S. Government resources
to fight malaria in the region most affected by the disease.
• $30m (2006) - $500m (2010) in malaria funding to this
Initiative with the goal of reducing malaria-related deaths by
50% in 15 focus countries.
48
Human Malaria is what?
a blood disease but can causes pathology in a variety of most organs and tissues
49
What causes malaria?
It is due to the parasite's development within the RBC
50
Incubation period
9-14 days
51
What is cerebral malaria?
is
characterized by multiple brain
hemorrhages (vessel rupture
and bleeding)
52
What is the pathogenesis of falciparum malaria?
Parasite infected RBC’s become ‘sticky’ and
adhere to endothelial cells
• Unique to falciparum malaria
• This phenomenon takes about 10-12 hours to
develop after parasite invasion
• Under high flow this first results in rolling and
then in attachment.
53
seems to be
the main culprit for
pathogenesis
```
Cytoadherance.
Infected RBCs will adhere to
the endothelium as well as to
each other and cause
clogging and hemorrhaging
```
54
The wonder drug
Chloroquine
55
```
a synthetic
quinine analog developed
by German and American
chemists during WWII, was
a very potent drug that was
cheap to make, stable, and
had no serious side effects
```
Chloroquine
56
Antifolates as malaria drugs
```
The synthesis of certain
building blocks of DNA
requires reduced folate (more
specifically the synthesis of
dTMP)
• No reduced folate -- no DNA
• The malaria drug Fansidar
uses a drug combination to
hit the same target pathway
twice
• Combinations that are more
effective than the sum of their
individual activities are called
synergistic.
```
57
Human Malaria is what?
a blood disease but can causes pathology in a variety of most organs and tissues
57
Human Malaria is what?
a blood disease but can causes pathology in a variety of most organs and tissues
58
What causes malaria?
It is due to the parasite's development within the RBC
58
What causes malaria?
It is due to the parasite's development within the RBC
59
Incubation period
9-14 days
59
Incubation period
9-14 days
60
What is cerebral malaria?
is
characterized by multiple brain
hemorrhages (vessel rupture
and bleeding)
60
What is cerebral malaria?
is
characterized by multiple brain
hemorrhages (vessel rupture
and bleeding)
61
What is the pathogenesis of falciparum malaria?
Parasite infected RBC’s become ‘sticky’ and
adhere to endothelial cells
• Unique to falciparum malaria
• This phenomenon takes about 10-12 hours to
develop after parasite invasion
• Under high flow this first results in rolling and
then in attachment.
61
What is the pathogenesis of falciparum malaria?
Parasite infected RBC’s become ‘sticky’ and
adhere to endothelial cells
• Unique to falciparum malaria
• This phenomenon takes about 10-12 hours to
develop after parasite invasion
• Under high flow this first results in rolling and
then in attachment.
62
seems to be
the main culprit for
pathogenesis
```
Cytoadherance.
Infected RBCs will adhere to
the endothelium as well as to
each other and cause
clogging and hemorrhaging
```
62
seems to be
the main culprit for
pathogenesis
```
Cytoadherance.
Infected RBCs will adhere to
the endothelium as well as to
each other and cause
clogging and hemorrhaging
```
63
The wonder drug
Chloroquine
63
The wonder drug
Chloroquine
64
```
a synthetic
quinine analog developed
by German and American
chemists during WWII, was
a very potent drug that was
cheap to make, stable, and
had no serious side effects
```
Chloroquine
64
```
a synthetic
quinine analog developed
by German and American
chemists during WWII, was
a very potent drug that was
cheap to make, stable, and
had no serious side effects
```
Chloroquine
65
Antifolates as malaria drugs
```
The synthesis of certain
building blocks of DNA
requires reduced folate (more
specifically the synthesis of
dTMP)
• No reduced folate -- no DNA
• The malaria drug Fansidar
uses a drug combination to
hit the same target pathway
twice
• Combinations that are more
effective than the sum of their
individual activities are called
synergistic.
```
65
Antifolates as malaria drugs
```
The synthesis of certain
building blocks of DNA
requires reduced folate (more
specifically the synthesis of
dTMP)
• No reduced folate -- no DNA
• The malaria drug Fansidar
uses a drug combination to
hit the same target pathway
twice
• Combinations that are more
effective than the sum of their
individual activities are called
synergistic.
```
