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AAA-MEDICINE (INFECTIOUS) > MALARIA (AB) > Flashcards

MALARIA (AB) Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

What is the second most common arthropod disease?

A

Malaria

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2
Q

What common history might suggest a malaria infection?

A

Travel to forested areas, camping at night, and outdoor activities.

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3
Q

Which country is under malaria control?

A

The Philippines

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4
Q

What protozoan disease affects tropical regions?

A

Malaria

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5
Q

How is malaria transmitted?

A

By the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.

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6
Q

What has caused the dramatic decrease in malaria mortality rates over the past 15 years?

A

Highly effective control programs in several countries.

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7
Q

What species of Plasmodium commonly causes malaria in the Philippines?

A

P. falciparum

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8
Q

How many species of Plasmodium cause malaria?

A

6 species

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9
Q

What is the most common cause of severe malaria?

A

P. falciparum

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10
Q

Which species of Plasmodium can occasionally cause severe illness aside from P. falciparum?

A

P. knowlesi and occasionally P. vivax

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11
Q

Which species of Plasmodium is most commonly found in the Philippines?

A

P. falciparum

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12
Q

Which Plasmodium species causes relapses?

A

P. vivax and P. ovale

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13
Q

What is the duration of the intrahepatic phase of P. falciparum?

A

5.5 days

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14
Q

How many merozoites are released per infected hepatocyte in P. falciparum?

A

30000

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15
Q

What is the duration of the erythrocytic cycle in P. falciparum?

A

48 hours

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16
Q

What type of red blood cells does P. falciparum prefer?

A

Younger cells

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17
Q

What is the morphology of P. falciparum?

A

Usually only ring forms; banana-shaped gametocytes

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18
Q

What color is the pigment of P. falciparum?

A

Black

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19
Q

Can P. falciparum cause relapses?

A

No

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20
Q

What is the duration of the intrahepatic phase of P. vivax?

A

8 days

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21
Q

How many merozoites are released per infected hepatocyte in P. vivax?

A

10000

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22
Q

What is the duration of the erythrocytic cycle in P. vivax?

A

48 hours

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23
Q

What type of red blood cells does P. vivax prefer?

A

Reticulocytes and cells up to 2 weeks old

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24
Q

What is the morphology of P. vivax?

A

Irregularly shaped large rings and trophozoites; enlarged erythrocytes; Schuffner’s dots

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25
What color is the pigment of P. vivax?
Yellow-brown
26
Can P. vivax cause relapses?
Yes
27
What is the duration of the intrahepatic phase of P. ovale?
9 days
28
How many merozoites are released per infected hepatocyte in P. ovale?
15000
29
What is the duration of the erythrocytic cycle in P. ovale?
50 hours
30
What type of red blood cells does P. ovale prefer?
Reticulocytes
31
What is the morphology of P. ovale?
Infected erythrocytes, enlarged and oval with tufted ends; Schuffner’s dots
32
What color is the pigment of P. ovale?
Dark brown
33
Can P. ovale cause relapses?
Yes
34
What is the duration of the intrahepatic phase of P. malariae?
15 days
35
How many merozoites are released per infected hepatocyte in P. malariae?
15000
36
What is the duration of the erythrocytic cycle in P. malariae?
72 hours
37
What type of red blood cells does P. malariae prefer?
Older cells
38
What is the morphology of P. malariae?
Band or rectangular forms of trophozoites common
39
What color is the pigment of P. malariae?
Brown-black
40
Can P. malariae cause relapses?
No
41
What is the duration of the intrahepatic phase of P. knowlesi?
5.5 days
42
How many merozoites are released per infected hepatocyte in P. knowlesi?
20000
43
What is the duration of the erythrocytic cycle in P. knowlesi?
24 hours
44
What type of red blood cells does P. knowlesi prefer?
Younger cells
45
What is the morphology of P. knowlesi?
Resembles P. falciparum (early trophozoites) or P. malariae (later trophozoites)
46
What color is the pigment of P. knowlesi?
Dark brown
47
Can P. knowlesi cause relapses?
No
48
What is the role of hypnozoites in malaria?
Hypnozoites are dormant forms that can cause relapses in P. vivax and P. ovale.
49
What is the role of sporozoites in the malaria transmission cycle?
Sporozoites are the mobile forms of the malaria parasite that enter the bloodstream and travel to the liver.
50
What happens during the pre-erythrocytic stage of malaria?
Sporozoites enter the liver and develop into merozoites, some of which become dormant hypnozoites.
51
How long can hypnozoites remain dormant in the liver?
From 2 weeks to ≥1 year.
52
Which malaria species has a 24-hour erythrocytic cycle?
P. knowlesi
53
Which malaria species has a 72-hour erythrocytic cycle?
P. malariae
54
What is the density of parasitemia required for symptoms to appear in malaria?
~50/uL of blood
55
How do merozoites invade red blood cells?
They attach to erythrocyte surface receptors and enter the cells.
56
Which erythrocyte receptor is important for P. falciparum invasion?
Glycophorin A and C
57
Which erythrocyte receptor is important for P. vivax invasion?
Duffy blood-group antigen Fya or Fyb
58
What phenomenon explains P. vivax resistance in West Africans?
The Duffy-negative FyFy phenotype confers resistance to P. vivax malaria.
59
What forms of Plasmodium can be taken up by a mosquito?
Gametocytes (male and female)
60
What happens to gametocytes inside the mosquito?
They fuse to form a zygote, which develops into an ookinete and then a sporozoite.
61
Where do sporozoites migrate to after developing in the mosquito's midgut?
The salivary glands
62
In what regions is P. falciparum predominantly found?
Africa, New Guinea, and Hispaniola
63
In what regions is P. vivax predominantly found?
Central and South America
64
Which Plasmodium species is found in the Indian subcontinent, Eastern Asia, and Oceania?
P. falciparum and P. vivax
65
Where is P. malariae predominantly found?
Sub-Saharan Africa
66
Where is P. ovale predominantly found?
Africa
67
Where is P. knowlesi predominantly found?
Borneo, Southeast Asia
68
What is the entomologic inoculation rate?
The number of sporozoite-positive mosquito bites per person per year.
69
What temperature range is necessary for sporogony in mosquitoes?
Temperatures above 7°C are required for sporogony to complete.
70
What is the difference between stable and unstable malaria transmission?
Stable transmission is constant and year-round, while unstable transmission is low, erratic, or focal.
71
What does hypoendemicity mean in terms of malaria prevalence?
Hypoendemicity means <10% of the population is infected with malaria.
72
What does holoendemicity mean in terms of malaria prevalence?
Holoendemicity means >75% of the population is infected with malaria.
73
What regions in the Philippines still report indigenous malaria cases?
Palawan, Sultan Kudarat, and Mindoro Occidental
74
What has been the trend in malaria cases in the Philippines from the 1980s to now?
The number of cases has decreased from over 100,000 per year to around 5,000 annually.

AAA-MEDICINE (INFECTIOUS) (5 decks)

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