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Male Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the primary sex organs in males?

A

Testes

Testes produce male gametes, called sperms, and male sex hormone, testosterone.

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2
Q

What are the primary sex organs in females?

A

Ovaries

Ovaries produce female gametes, called ova (or ovum).

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3
Q

What are secondary sex organs in males?

A

Penis, epididymis, vasa efferentia, vas deferens, prostate gland, Cowper’s gland

These organs do not produce gametes but play important roles in reproduction.

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4
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A

Maintains low temperature of the testes

Temperature is essential for sperm formation, typically 2-2.5°C lower than body temperature.

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5
Q

What is the average length and width of an adult male testis?

A

Length: 4-5 cm, Width: 2-3 cm

The testes are oval in shape.

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6
Q

What are the three layers surrounding the testes?

A

Tunica vaginalis, tunica albuginea, tunica vasculosa

These layers provide protection and support to the testes.

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7
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

Failure of the testes to descend into the scrotal sac

This condition can lead to sterility.

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8
Q

What is the role of Sertoli cells in the testes?

A

Support and nourish developing spermatogonia

They also phagocytise residual cytoplasm during spermatogenesis.

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9
Q

What are seminiferous tubules?

A

Coiled tubules in the testes where sperm formation occurs

They are lined with germinal epithelium and are about 70 cm long when uncoiled.

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10
Q

What is the significance of the inguinal canal in males?

A

Pathway for testes to descend into the scrotum

It connects the abdominal cavity to the scrotal sac.

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11
Q

What are Leydig cells?

A

Interstitial cells in the testes that produce testosterone

They are important for male secondary sexual characteristics.

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: The primary male reproductive hormone is _______.

A

Testosterone

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13
Q

True or False: The prostate gland is a primary sex organ.

A

False

The prostate gland is a secondary sex organ.

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14
Q

What condition results from tearing or loosening of the spermatic cord?

A

Inguinal hernia

This can lead to the bulging out of tissues.

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15
Q

What are the primary sex organs in males?

A

Testes

The testes are responsible for producing sperm and male hormones.

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16
Q

What are the three types of epithelial cells in the germinal epithelium of testes?

A
  • Spermatogonia
  • Interstitial cells (Leydig cells)
  • Sertoli cells
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17
Q

What is the function of spermatogonia?

A

They undergo spermatogenesis to produce sperms (male gametes).

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18
Q

What hormone promotes the growth of spermatogonia?

A

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

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19
Q

What is the role of interstitial cells (Leydig cells)?

A

They produce male hormones (androgens) such as testosterone.

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20
Q

What promotes the growth of interstitial cells?

A

ICSH (Interstitial cell stimulating hormone)

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21
Q

What is the rete testis?

A

A small network of fine ductules that collects sperms from seminiferous tubules.

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22
Q

What are vasa efferentia?

A

Small and fine tubules that collect sperms from rete testis and transfer them to the caput region of epididymis.

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23
Q

What is the function of Sertoli cells?

A
  • Provide nutrition to developing spermatids and sperms
  • Phagocytise dead or injured cells
  • Form blood testis barrier
  • Produce inhibin and estrogens
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24
Q

Where is the epididymis located?

A

On the posterior side of the testis.

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25
What are the three parts of the epididymis?
* Caput epididymis * Corpus epididymis * Cauda epididymis
26
What happens to spermatozoa when they enter the epididymis?
They are immobile.
27
What is the role of the vas deferens?
It carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.
28
Fill in the blank: The epididymis temporarily stores sperm and nourishes them for attaining _______.
mobility
29
True or False: The vas deferens is about 6 meters long when fully uncoiled.
True
30
What are the parts of the male reproductive system mentioned?
* Ureter * Seminal vesicle * Urinary bladder * Vas deferens * Prostate * Penis * Urethra
31
32
What is the location and structure of the seminal vesicle?
The seminal vesicle is a sac-like, glandular structure situated behind the neck of the bladder.
33
What is the primary function of the seminal vesicle?
The seminal vesicle's secretion is an essential component of semen, accounting for up to 70% of its volume.
34
What does the secretion of the seminal vesicle contain?
The secretion contains citrate, calcium, fructose, inositol, hyaluronidase, and prostaglandins.
35
What is the size and location of the prostate gland?
The prostate gland is about the size of a large walnut and is located below the bladder, surrounding the urethra.
36
What type of structure is the prostate gland composed of?
The prostate gland is a fibro-musculo-glandular structure composed of glands, ducts, and involuntary muscle.
37
What is the function of Cowper's glands (bulbo-urethral glands)?
Cowper's glands secrete mucus, which lubricates the passage of the urethra for the easy ejaculation of semen.
38
What is the role of the penis in human reproduction?
The penis is used to deposit semen into the vagina during sexual intercourse for fertilization.
39
What are the three parts of the urethra?
* Prostatic urethra * Membranous urethra * Penile urethra
40
What does the prostatic urethra carry?
The prostatic urethra carries urine only.
41
What is the composition of semen?
Semen consists of sperm and fluid secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and Cowper's glands.
42
What is the prepuce or foreskin?
The prepuce or foreskin is the skin covering the penis at the glans region, which can sometimes be removed surgically.
43
True or False: The penile urethra carries both urine and semen.
True
44
Fill in the blank: The prostate gland secretes a fluid that mingles with the secretion of the testes and accounts for _______ of the volume of semen.
70%
45
What is the function of hyaluronidase in the seminal vesicle secretion?
Hyaluronidase is an enzyme that helps in fertilization.
46
What are the two types of erectile tissues in the penis?
* Corpora cavernosa * Corpus spongiosum
47
What happens when the prostate gland enlarges?
Enlargement of the prostate gland obstructs the urethra and causes retention of urine.
48
What is the composition of the penis?
The penis is composed of spongy and erectile tissues forming three cylindrical masses: *two corpora cavernosa (dorsal)* and *one corpus spongiosum (ventral)*.
49
What happens to the blood flow in the penis during sexual stimulation?
Blood rapidly enters the sinuses, and drainage of blood is prevented, making the penis stiff and rigid.
50
What is the role of the corpus spongiosum?
It is a flexible lower (ventral) cylindrical mass that carries the urethra.
51
What are the two physiological phases of the penis?
1. Flaccid state (2.5 to 3 inches in length) 2. Erect state (4 to 7 inches in length).
52
What is impotence?
A condition where the penis is unable to achieve an erection, making it difficult to deposit semen in the female genital tract.
53
What is semen?
A viscous, whitish liquid that is ejaculated through the penis during orgasm and is alkaline in nature.
54
What is the composition of semen?
Semen contains: *spermatozoa (about 10%)* and *seminal plasma (about 90%)*.
55
How much semen is released per ejaculation in an average male?
Between 3 and 5 mL.
56
What happens to semen after ejaculation?
It undergoes clotting, but the clot liquefies after about 20 minutes.
57
What is oligospermia?
A condition characterized by too low spermatozoal count.
58
What is azoospermia?
The absence of sperm in semen.
59
What chemical components are found in seminal plasma?
*Citrate* *Ascorbic acid* *Acid phosphatase* *Fructose*.
60
What is the principal fuel of spermatozoa in the female genital tract?
Fructose.
61
What is the role of fibrinogen in semen?
It provides clotting ability.
62
What is the sperm count in a healthy man?
Between 40 and 200 million per mL of semen.
63
What indicates sterility in terms of sperm count?
A sperm count of less than 20 million per mL.
64
What can also lead to sterility aside from low sperm count?
Presence of too many non-motile sperms and a high percentage (more than 40%) of abnormal sperms.
65
What is the composition of the penis?
The penis is composed of spongy and erectile tissues forming three cylindrical masses: *two corpora cavernosa (dorsal)* and *one corpus spongiosum (ventral)*.
66
What happens to the blood flow in the penis during sexual stimulation?
Blood rapidly enters the sinuses, and drainage of blood is prevented, making the penis stiff and rigid.
67
What is the role of the corpus spongiosum?
It is a flexible lower (ventral) cylindrical mass that carries the urethra.
68
What are the two physiological phases of the penis?
1. Flaccid state (2.5 to 3 inches in length) 2. Erect state (4 to 7 inches in length).
69
What is impotence?
A condition where the penis is unable to achieve an erection, making it difficult to deposit semen in the female genital tract.
70
What is semen?
A viscous, whitish liquid that is ejaculated through the penis during orgasm and is alkaline in nature.
71
What is the composition of semen?
Semen contains: *spermatozoa (about 10%)* and *seminal plasma (about 90%)*.
72
How much semen is released per ejaculation in an average male?
Between 3 and 5 mL.
73
What happens to semen after ejaculation?
It undergoes clotting, but the clot liquefies after about 20 minutes.
74
What is oligospermia?
A condition characterized by too low spermatozoal count.
75
What is azoospermia?
The absence of sperm in semen.
76
What chemical components are found in seminal plasma?
*Citrate* *Ascorbic acid* *Acid phosphatase* *Fructose*.
77
What is the principal fuel of spermatozoa in the female genital tract?
Fructose.
78
What is the role of fibrinogen in semen?
It provides clotting ability.
79
What is the sperm count in a healthy man?
Between 40 and 200 million per mL of semen.
80
What can also lead to sterility aside from low sperm count?
Presence of too many non-motile sperms and a high percentage (more than 40%) of abnormal sperms.

Human reproduction (1 decks)

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