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3rd Year Sem1 Ag science > Male and Female > Flashcards

Male and Female Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of the Ovaries

A

Produce Gametes

produces hormones

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2
Q

Function of the Oviducts

A

Gamete transport
site of fertilisation (Ampulla and Isthmus junction)
pre attachment and embryo development

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3
Q

Function of Uterus

A

sperm transport
supports pregnancy
fetus expulsion
hormones

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4
Q

Function of Cervix

A

physical barrier
mucus secretion
plug during pregancy

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5
Q

what are organs of copulation in the female reproductive tract?

A

Vagina, Vestibule and Vulva

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6
Q

What are the 3 physical barries of the FM repro tract?

A

1- vulva
2-cervix
3-

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7
Q

3 parts to the oviduct

A

isthumus
ampulla
infundibulum

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8
Q

What is the ovarian bursa

A

tissue attached to the ovary that helps guide to infundibulum at ovulation

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9
Q

Layers of the uterus

A

Endometrium (mucus + subucosa)
Myometrium (inner circular and outer longitudinal)
Perimetium (serosa)

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10
Q

Function of the endometrium

A

Secretion thet increase the development of embryo and increase the survival of sperm

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11
Q

What are the basic components of the Male Reproductive tract

A 
Spermatic cord
Scrotum
Testis
Excurrent duct system
Accessory glands
Penis and mucsles
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12
Q

Accessory Sex glands

A

Ampullae
prostate
Seminal Vesicle
Bulbourethral

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13
Q

What are the 3 classifications of the male reproductive tract

A

Primary sex organs
Secondary sex organs
Accessory Sex organs

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14
Q

What is parts are involved in sperm production

A

Testis- production
Epidydimus Head& body- maturation
Epididymus tail - Storage
Accessory sex glands- fluid and transport
Penis- erection, prostrusion, emmission and ejaculation

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15
Q

What is the spermatic cord made or and what does of and what does it do?

A

Suspends testis
houses vasular, lymp and nerves

Houses:
Ductuds deference (transport sperm)
Cremaster muscle
Pampiniform plexus

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16
Q

what helps with thermoregulation of the testis?

A

Sweat glands & theremo sensitive nerves in skin
tunica dartus- pulls estis up to keep warm or down to cool off
Pampiniform plexus (blood heat exchanger)
Cremaster muscle- pumping motion to encourage blood flow

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17
Q

How much below body temperature does the testis need to be?

A

4-6C

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18
Q

What can occur when testi become to hot

A
  • lower motility in sperm

- reduces embryo survival (DNA)

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19
Q

Name the layers of the scrotum

A 
Skin (outside)
Tunica Dartos 
Scrotal Fasica
Parietal vaginal tunic
Visical Vaginal Tunic
Tunica Albuginea
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20
Q

What are the two different types of penis’

A

Fiberelastic penis- (has sigmoid flexure)

Musculo-carernous penis (diamertre increases when erect)

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21
Q

What are the muscles involved in ejaulation?

A

Urethralis
ischiocarvernosous
bulbospongeosous
Retractor penis muscle (relaxes)

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22
Q

What’s a neuro endocrine reaction

A

A nerural stimulus that will result in the release of a hormon

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23
Q

Define a hormone

A

Chemical that is released by special cells carried through the blood to carry out a performance on another cell

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24
Q

Characteristics of a hormone

A 
small amounts req.
bind specific
short 1/2 lives
feedback based
indirect or direst influence
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25
What are the classifications of hormones
Type (biochemical) Source (location) Mode of action (function)
26
Types of Biochemical hormones and example
``` Neuropeptide Glycopeptide Proteins Steriods Prostoglandins ```
27
Neuroppetide hormone
GnRH | Oxytocin
28
Glycoprotein Hormone
FSH Inhibin LH
29
Protein Hormone
Prolacten
30
Steriod Hormones
Oestrogen Testosteron Progesteron
31
Prodtogandins Hormones
Proglastoglandin | PGF2 alpha
32
The source clssification of Hormones
``` Gonadal Hypothalamus Pituitary Uterine Placental ```
33
Placental Hormone
progestagen Relaxin
34
Uterine Hormones
Prostoglandin
35
Gonadal Hormones
Testosteron, eostrogen | Inhibin
36
Pituitary Hormones
FSH, LH | Growth hormone
37
Hypothalamin Hormones
GnRH, Oxytocin
38
Two centres in the hypothalamus
``` Surge centre (FM) Tonic Centre (FM and M) ```
39
Classification based on action
``` Neurohormones Gonadotrohpins Pregnancy maintenance Luteolytic Hormone stimulation ```
40
What hormonal feedbak systems are present in the FM and M
Male has neg onlu | Female has pos and neg
41
Describe defeminisation
It occours in the male only and its the non development of the SURGE centre
42
What hormone is responsible for defeminisation
Eostrogen BUT once it has been converted from Testosterone by Aromatase
43
Can Oestrogen pass the Blood brain barrier? Why/Why not?
It cant as it attaches to alphaFP
44
Define Puberty
FM- age at which a female can support pregnancy | M- Age when it produces enough viable sperm for successful sertilisation
45
Factors effecting the development of hypothalamus in FM
Nutritional Environmental Social Cues
46
What are Nutritional limitations to Hypothalamus development in Feasls
Body size | Glucose fatty acid inhibitors
47
Envrionmental influences of puberty
Season of birth (day length/night length) | Breed
48
Soicial factors influencing puberty
presence/absence of opposite sex during pre-puberty Population density Male exposure
49
Stages of Male reproductive behaviour
Precopulatory Copulatory Post copulatory
50
Precopulatory behaviour in males
``` Search for partner Courtship Sexual arousal erection penile protusion ```
51
Copulatory Behaviour
Mounting Intromission Ejaculation
52
Postcopulatory Behaviour
Dismount Refactory Period (sperm recovery) Memory
53
Classifications of Cyclicity
Polyoestrus- regular whole year round Seasonally- regular during certain times of the year Monoestrus- Only occurs once-sh a year (dog)
54
What are the Phases of Oestrus Cycle
Follicular (development of follicles) | Luteal (persistance of Corpus Luteum)
55
Stages of Oestrus
Pro oestrus Oestrus Met oestrus Di oestrus
56
What part of the cycle do femals allow mating?
Oestrus
57
Hormone changes through stages of Oestrus
Pro- Progesteron dominance to eostrogen dominance Oestrus- E2 dominant Met- Progesteron dominace transition Di- Progesteron dominate
58
What is anoestrus
Period of which they don't cycle
59
Types of Anoestrus
Nutritional Lactational Gestational Seasonal
60
Difference between true and apparent anoestrus
True- is when there is NO ovarian function | Apparent- is due to pregancy or undetected oestrus
61
How does seasonality effect cyclicity
The phyto period or day length influences the amount of Melatonin produced. (only released at night) This has an effect of GnRH release and therefore effects cyclicity
62
Define Polyoestrus
Uniform distribution of cycles throughout the year
63
Define Seasonally Polyoestrus?
cycle occurs evenly only during a certain season
64
Define mono oestrus
only cycles once per year
65
What stages are during the follicular phase?
Proestrus | oestrus
66
What stages are during the luteal phase?
Metoestrus | Dioestrus
67
What are the Phases of the follicular development?
Recruitment Selection Dominance Atresia
68
What activates the preovulatory GnRH surge?
HIGH oestradiol | LOW progesterone
69
What hormone creates positive feed back?
Increased levels of Oestrodiol
70
What hormone creates negative feedback?
Increased level of Progesterone
71
How does PGF2alpha get to the ovary? cattle and sheep | Mare
In cattle and sheep it is done through the vasular counter current exchange mechanism as PGF2alpha is low molecular weight In the mare the PGF2alpha moves through the vascular system of the whole body.
72
Where is the PGF2alpha produced?
produced by the endometrium
73
How does the PGF2alpha transported through the vascular counter current mechanism?
Enters the uterine vein and lymph vessels | then it diffuses into the ovarian artery which lies in close association with the utero-ovarian vein
74
What is the nerve pathway that results in the emission and ejaculation?
1- intomission 2- sensory stimulation of the glans penis (temperature and pressure) 3- sent to the spinal cord and results in sudden and powerful contractions of the Urethralis bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscle 4- expulsion of semen
75
what are the processes of spermatogenisis
Miotic divisions (spermatogonia) Meiosis (primary and secondary spermatocytes) Meiosis 2 differentiation- (spermatozoa)
76
define spermatogenesis
is all processes that is occur mitotic meiotic and differentiation
77
Define spermatocytogenesis
is the process of producing spermatocytes from spermatogonia
78
Define Spermiogenesis
conversion of spermatids to spermatozoa (differentiation phase)
79
Define Spermiation
release of fully formed spermatozoa into the lumen
80
Maternal recognition of the sheep and cow
INF t is produced by the blastocyte/embryo Blocks Oxytocin receptors Blocking the PGF2alpha release
81
Maternal recognition of the swine
oestrodiol control modifies the PGF2alpha secretion
82
Maternal recognition in equine
presence and migration of the conceptus
83
What is Placenta?
Organ of metabolic interface Endocrine organ Maternal and fetal components
84
What are the 2 types of placental classification?
Layers (based on the number of layers) Distribution of Villi
85
What are the layers of a placenta?
Fetal Side: Chronic capillaries Chronic interstitium Chronic epithelium Maternal side Endometrial capillaries Endometrial interstitium Endometrial epithelium
86
What is the ruminant placenta classified as in layers?
epitheliochorial Syndesmochorial
87
What are the classifications of placenta based on villi?
Diffuse Zonary Discoid Cotyledonary
88
Define Diffuse placenta and example
when there are any small villi all over the placenta Mare and Sow
89
Describe Zonary placenta
there is only a round section around the placenta example dog and cat
90
Describe discoid placenta
a round section of villi rodents and primates
91
Describe cotyledonary placenta
large discs ruminants
92
What are the stages of parturition?
Stage 1- initiation of myometrial contractions Stage 2- Expulsion of Fetus Stage 3- Expulsion of fetal membranes
93
What is the first stage of parturition?
Initiation of myometrial contractions
94
What is the second stage of parturition?
Expulsion of the fetus
95
What is the third stage of parturition
Expulsion of the fetal membrane
96
explain the initiation of parturition
Fetal stress/movement initiates fetal cortisol to be released which initaites PGF2alpha relaxin and estrogon that result in myometrial contractions and the release of oxytocin
97
INITIATION OF PARTURITION EOSTROGEN
Placental P4 is transformed into E2 The E2 initiates the myometrial contractions and which stimultes the cyrvix to release oxytocin creating maximum pressur e ALSO LUBRICATES
98
Describe Fergusons reflex
Neuro endocrine reaction 1- fetus stimulates sensory neurons within the cervix 2-sends message to the paraventrical nucleus 3-oxytocin is released from the posterior pituitary 4- oxytocin = myometrium contactions
99
What is Puerperium?
Its the period after pregnancy where the body repairs the uterus and ovarian activity resumes LASTS UNTIL FUNCTION AND REPAIR IS COMPLETE
100
what are the 4 major events in Puerperium?
Myometrial contractions endometrium repair elimination of bacteria resumption of ovarian function
101
What is lochial discharge?
its a blood tinged fluid that is excreted made up of fetal membranes and endometrial tissue NORMAL unless it smells can last up to 2-10 days (no more after 14 in dairy cows)
102
Describe the growth mammary glands pre and post puberty
pre- isometric growth (grows at the same rate as the rest of the body) post- allometric growth
103
Hormone transition in the Proestrus stage
Progesteron P4 to Oestrogen Dominance
104
Describe Oestrus stage of the cycle including dominate hormone
Eostrogen E2 is dominat This is the stage where females allow mating Lordosis = standing Oestrus
105
Descrbe Metoestrus
The transition of E2 (eostrogen) Dominance to Progesteron P4 dominance Begins at Ovulation and ends at the formation of functional CL
106
Describe Dioestrus
-Progestorone P4 is dominant -longest stage of cycle Ends with the D=Death of the CL (luteolysis)
107
What is the difference between Hydrops Allantois and Hydrops Amnion?
Hydrops Allontois is a problem with the placenta (maternal) Hydrops Amnion is a Defective fetus (Fetal problem)
108
What is Pryometra?
The infection of the uterus | Mucus and puss
109
Broad ligament has three sections that support different parts of the repro tract name the sections and the part they support
Mesovarium- SUpports ovary Mesosalpinx- supports oviduct Mesometrium- supports uterus
110
What do the streitoli cells produce?
Androgen binding hormone Sulphate glycoprotein Inhibin Transferrin
111
What type of reflex results in the secretion of milk?
NeuroEndocrine Reflex -stimulated by sight sound touch and results in a +ve reaction that stimulates Oxytocin that produces contractions to secrete milk
112
What is the Purpose of Male and Female reproductive analysis?
To identify breeding soundness to see if they should be culled Have problems Fixable problems
113
Steps involved in reproductive soundness checks?
History Physical exam Reproductive exam semen collection anlaysis (males)
114
Whats the importance of scrotal circumference in
- size relates to sperm production - bigger that balls the more fertile the female offspring will be - bigger the balls the quicker the female offspring will get to puberty - repeatable so if its a drastic change you can identify a problem

3rd Year Sem1 Ag science (4 decks)

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