Male and Female Reproduction

Question 1

A spermatogonium…
A) divides by mitosis to produce two spermatids.
B) divides by meiosis to produce four spermatids.
C) divides by meiosis to produce two primary spermatocytes.
D) divides by mitosis to produce two primary spermatocytes.
E) divides by mitosis to produce a spermatogonium and a primary spermatocytes.

Answer 1

E) divides by mitosis to produce a spermatogonium and a primary spermatocytes.

Question 2

A primary spermatocytes…
A) divide by mitosis to produce two secondary spermatocytes.
B) divide by meiosis to produce two secondary spermatocytes.
C) divides by meiosis to produce four spermatids.
D) divides by meiosis to produce two spermatids.
E) divides by mitosis to produce two spermatids.

Answer 2

B) divide by meiosis to produce two secondary spermatocytes.

Question 3

Each spermatid…
A) divides by meiosis to produce four sperm cells.
B) divides by mitosis to produce four sperm cells.
C) divides by meiosis to produce two sperm cells.
D) divides by mitosis to produce two sperm cells.
E) differentiates into a sperm cell.

Answer 3

E) differentiates into a sperm cell.

Question 4

The primary spermatocytes and the spermatogonia each contain 46 chromosomes.
A) True
B) False

Answer 4

A) True

Question 5

The spermatids and the secondary spermatocytes each contain 23 chromosomes.
A) True
B) False

Answer 5

A) True

Question 6

Spermatogenesis occurs in the
	A)	epididymis.
	B)	seminiferous tubules.
	C)	prostate gland.
	D)	vas deferens.
	E)	seminal vesicle.

Answer 6

B) seminiferous tubules.

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct sequence of cells in spermatogenesis?
A) spermatogonium -> primary spermatocyte -> secondary spermatocyte
B) spermatogonium -> secondary spermatocyte -> primary spermatocyte
C) primary spermatocyte -> secondary spermatocyte -> spermatogonium
D) primary spermatocyte -> spermatogonium -> secondary spermatocyte
E) none of the above

Answer 7

A) spermatogonium -> primary spermatocyte -> secondary spermatocyte

Question 8

During spermatogenesis, which of the following cells is the first to become haploid?
	A)	primary spermatocyte
	B)	secondary spermatocyte
	C)	sperm cells
	D)	spermatid
	E)	spermatogonium

Answer 8

B) secondary spermatocyte

Question 9

Meiosis II of spermatogenesis results in the formation of secondary spermatocytes.
A) True
B) False

Answer 9

B) False

Question 10

During spermatogenesis, spermatids differentiate into spermatozoa.
A) True
B) False

Answer 10

A) True

Question 11

Which of the following ovarian hormones is involved in a positive feedback loop with the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?
	A)	progesterone
	B)	luteinizing hormone
	C)	gonadotropin releasing hormone
	D)	estrogen
	E)	gonadotropin

Answer 11

D) estrogen

Question 12

Which of the following hormones is released by the anterior pituitary as a part of that positive feedback loop between it and the ovary?
	A)	progesterone
	B)	luteinizing hormone
	C)	gonadotropin releasing hormone
	D)	estrogen
	E)	gonadotropin

Answer 12

B) luteinizing hormone

Question 13

Which of the following hormones is released by the corpus luteum after ovulation and causes a negative feedback loop with the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?
	A)	progesterone
	B)	luteinizing hormone
	C)	gonadotropin releasing hormone
	D)	estrogen
	E)	gonadotropin

Answer 13

A) progesterone

Question 14

A positive feedback loop causes a self-amplifying cycle where a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction.
A) True
B) False

Answer 14

A) True

Question 15

A negative feedback loop is a process in which the body senses a change, and activates mechanisms to reverse that change.
A) True
B) False

Answer 15

A) True

Question 16

Before ovulation, small amounts of estrogen are released by…
A) the ovaries.
B) the corpus luteum.
C) the anterior pituitary.
D) the hypothalamus.
E) the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus.

Answer 16

A) the ovaries.

Question 17

This stimulates the release of GnRH from…
A) the ovaries.
B) the corpus luteum.
C) the anterior pituitary.
D) the hypothalamus.
E) the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus.

Answer 17

D) the hypothalamus.

Question 18

After ovulation, progesterone is produced by…
A) the ovaries.
B) the corpus luteum.
C) the anterior pituitary.
D) the hypothalamus.
E) the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus.

Answer 18

B) the corpus luteum.

Question 19

Progesterone has a negative-feedback effect on GnRH and LH.
A) True
B) False

Answer 19

A) True

Question 20

Estrogen has a positive-feedback effect on GnRH and LH.
A) True
B) False

Answer 20

A) True

Question 21

When a primary follicle enlarges, and there are several layers of granulosa cells, it is called a...
	A)	primordial follicle.
	B)	primary follicle.
	C)	secondary follicle.
	D)	mature follicle.
	E)	corpus luteum.

Answer 21

C) secondary follicle.

Question 22

Which of the following has an antrum?
	A)	primordial follicle
	B)	primary follicle
	C)	secondary follicle
	D)	mature follicle
	E)	corpus luteum

Answer 22

D) mature follicle

Question 23

Which of the following is involved in ovulation?
	A)	primordial follicle
	B)	primary follicle
	C)	secondary follicle
	D)	mature follicle
	E)	corpus luteum

Answer 23

D) mature follicle

Question 24

At full maturity, an oocyte is located in the corona radiata.
A) True
B) False

Answer 24

B) False

Question 25

During ovulation, the oocyte is surrounded by some of the cells of the corona radiata called the cumulus mass. A) True B) False

Answer 25

B) False

Question 26

``` Testosterone is produced in the A) interstitial cells. B) seminiferous tubules of the testes. C) anterior lobe of the pituitary. D) sperm cells. ```

Answer 26

A) interstitial cells.

Question 27

``` The site of spermatogenesis in the male is the A) ductus deferens. B) seminiferous tubules. C) epididymis. D) rete testis. E) efferent ductule. ```

Answer 27

B) seminiferous tubules.

Question 28

``` The location of final maturation and storage of sperm cells before their ejaculation is the A) seminal vesicles. B) seminiferous tubules. C) glans penis. D) epididymis. E) sperm bank. ```

Answer 28

D) epididymis.

Question 29

``` Given these glands: 1. prostate gland 2. bulbourethral gland 3. seminal vesicle Choose the arrangement that is in the order the glands contribute their secretions to the formation of semen. A) 1,2,3 B) 2,1,3 C) 2,3,1 D) 3,1,2 E) 3,2,1 ```

Answer 29

B) 2,1,3

Question 30

Which of these glands is correctly matched with the function of its secretions? A) bulbourethral gland—neutralizes acidic contents of the urethra B) seminal vesicles—contain large amounts of fructose, which nourishes the sperm cells C) prostate gland—contains clotting factors that cause coagulation of the semen D) all of the above

Answer 30

D) all of the above

Question 31

``` LH in the male stimulates A) development of the seminiferous tubules. B) spermatogenesis. C) testosterone production. D) both a and b. E) all of the above. ```

Answer 31

C) testosterone production.

Question 32

``` Which of these factors causes a decrease in GnRH release? A) decreased inhibin B) increased testosterone C) decreased FSH D) decreased LH ```

Answer 32

B) increased testosterone

Question 33

In the male, before puberty A) FSH levels are higher than after puberty. B) LH levels are higher than after puberty. C) GnRH release is inhibited by testosterone. D) all of the above.

Answer 33

C) GnRH release is inhibited by testosterone.

Question 34

Testosterone A) stimulates the development of terminal hairs. B) decreases red blood cell count. C) prevents closure of the epiphyseal plate. D) decreases blood volume. E) all of the above.

Answer 34

A) stimulates the development of terminal hairs.

Question 35

``` The major secretory product of the mature follicle is A) estrogen. B) progesterone. C) LH. D) FSH. E) relaxin. ```

Answer 35

A) estrogen.

Question 36

If an adult male were castrated, what would happen to the levels of GnRH, FSH, LH, and testosterone in his blood? What effect would these hormonal changes have on sexual characteristics and behavior?

Answer 36

Removing the testes would eliminate the major source of testosterone. Blood levels of testosterone would therefore decrease. Because testosterone has a negative-feedback effect on the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, GnRH, FSH, and LH secretion would increase and the blood levels of these hormones would increase.

Question 37

f the ovaries are removed from a postmenopausal woman, what happens to the levels of GnRH, FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone in her blood? What symptoms do you expect to observe?

Answer 37

In a postmenopausal woman the ovaries have stopped producing estrogen and progesterone. Without the negative-feedback effect of these hormones the levels of GnRH, FSH, and LH increase. Removal of the nonfunctioning ovaries in a postmenopausal woman doesn’t change the level of any of these hormones or produce any symptoms not already occurring due to the lack of ovarian function.

Question 38

A woman who is taking birth-control pills that consist of only progesterone experiences the hot flash symptoms of menopause. Explain why.

Answer 38

The progesterone inhibits GnRH in the hypothalamus. Consequently, the anterior pituitary is not stimulated to produce LH and FSH. Lack of LH prevents ovulation and lack of FSH prevents development of the follicles. LH also is required for maturation of follicles prior to ovulation.Without follicle development, there’s inadequate estrogen production, which causes the hot flash symptoms.