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Path Exam 3 > Male Genital System > Flashcards

Male Genital System Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

which bacteria can cause cystitis?

A

E. coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter

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2
Q

which fungus can cause cystitis?

A

Candida

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3
Q

which parasite can cause cystitis?

A

S. hematobium

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4
Q

what are iatrogenic causes of cystitis?

A

chemotherapy, radiation (hemorrhagic cystitis)

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5
Q

list predisposing factors for cystitis

A
  • more common in female (short urethra)
  • diabetes mellitus
  • instrumentation
    • catheter, cystoscopy
  • bladder calculi
  • bladder outlet obstruction
    • male = BPH
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6
Q

name clinical features of cystitis

A
  • urinary frequency
  • dysuria = pain or burning micturition
  • pain over bladder/suprapubic
  • fever and chills
  • microhematuria
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7
Q

describe what is seen on pathological exam in chronic interstitial cystitis

A
  • chronic inflammation
  • mast cells
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8
Q

the condition seen in the image is associated with mutations in ___, ___ and ___ genes

A

urothelial carcinoma is associated with mutations in p53, Rb and p16 genes

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9
Q

the greatest risk factor for the condition seen in the image is ___

A

the greatest risk factor for the condition seen in the image is SMOKING

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10
Q

which drugs are associated risk factors for the condition in the image?

A

analgesic abuse (phenacetin)

cyclophosphamide

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11
Q

which chemicals are associated risk factors for the condition in the image?

A

naphthylamine

rubber products

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12
Q

infection with ___ is a risk factor for the ____ type of the condition seen in the image

A

infection with Schistosomiasis is a risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder (NOT urothelial)

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13
Q

describe the presentation of the condition seen in the image

A
  • painless hematuria
  • dysuria
  • urgency & frequency
  • flank pain
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14
Q

in the papillary form of the condition in the image, it projects into ____ and causes ___ and therefore the patient presents earlier

A

in the papillary form of the condition in the image, it projects into the lumen of the bladder and causes obstructive symptoms and therefore the patient presents earlier

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15
Q

the flat type of the condition seen in the image is a ___ grade tumor that presents ___ and has a ____ prognosis because it ____

A

the flat type of the condition seen in the image is a high-grade tumor that presents late and has a poor prognosis because it invades the bladder wall

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16
Q

the squamous cell type of the condition seen in the image is associated with ___ and ___

A

the squamous cell type of the condition seen in the image is associated mainly with S. hematobium and bladder stones

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17
Q

a vignette with an “Egyptian immigrant” who has the condition seen in the image. Diagnosis and etiology?

A

squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder caused by S. hematobium (parasite)

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18
Q

describe clinical features of prostatitis

A
  • dysuria, frequency, urgency
  • low back/pelvic or genital pain
  • fever, chills and leukocytosis
  • loss of sex drive
  • painful erections/ejaculation
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19
Q

describe the findings of a DRE in prostatitis

A

enlarged, tender prostate

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20
Q

describe what is seen in the image

A
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21
Q

describe the etiology of the condition seen in the image

A

testosterone → DHT by 5-alpha reductase (found in stromal cells) causes hyperplasia of stroma & glands

affects central/periurethral & transitional zones

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22
Q

the condition seen in the image affects ___ and ___ zones

it does NOT affect the ___ zone which is affected by ____ only

A

the condition seen in the image affects central/periurethral and transitional zones

it does NOT affect the peripheral zone which is affected by prostate cancer only

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23
Q

____ is the most important predisposing factor for the condition seen in the image

A

testosterone is the most important predisposing factor for the condition seen in the image

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24
Q

list the signs and symptoms of the condition seen in the image

A
  • urethral compression:
    • difficulty starting & stopping urination
    • frequency/dribbling
    • nocturia. dysuria
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25
the histology of the condition seen in the image is hyperplasia of ___ and ___ (torturous, dilated/distended) with 2 layers: inner ___ and outer \_\_\_\_
the histology of the condition seen in the image is hyperplasia of **stroma** and **glands** (torturous, dilated/distended) with 2 layers: inner **columnar** and outer **flattened basal cells**
26
on DRE of the condition seen in the image, what is seen?
**uniformly enlarged, NOT nodular**
27
the initial complication of the condition seen in the image is \_\_\_; what else can this cause?
the initial complication of the condition seen in the image is **obstruction**; back up of urine → **bilateral** **hydroureters****/hydronephrosis**→**chronic renal failure**→ increased serum calcium → recurrent kidney & bladder stones →**infections and acute urinary retention**
28
list 2 potential treatments for the condition seen in the image
* TURP = transurethral resection * 5-alpha reductase inhibitors
29
\_\_\_\_ is the most common cancer in men and 2nd most common cancer related cause of death in men \>50 yrs
**prostate cancer** is the most common cancer in men and 2nd most common cancer-related cause of death in men \>50 yrs
30
list the risk factors for the condition seen in the image
* AGE (\>65) * African Americans * high fat diet * HPC1 gene * RNASEL gene * family history
31
the condition seen in the image affects the ___ zone and therefore presents late because it is further away from \_\_\_\_
the condition seen in the image affects the **peripheral** zone and therefore presents late because it is further away from **the urethra**
32
the condition associated with the image metastasizes to ___ via the ____ and can cause ___ pain
the condition seen in the image metastasizes to **CNS** via the **venous plexus of Batson** and can cause **back** pain
33
describe the presentation of the condition seen in the image
50% asymptomatic * microscopic hematuria * lower back pain (due to osteoblastic lesions seen in late stage/metas.) * weight loss * urinary symptoms * dysuria * weak, interrupted urine flow
34
describe DRE findings in the condition seen in the image this is compared to BPH, where the prostate is \_\_\_
**prostate is hard, nordular & irregularly enlarged** this is compared to BPH, where the prostate is **uniformly enlarged and NOT nodular**
35
describe what is seen on biopsy of the condition associated with the image \_\_\_\_ cells → ____ cells with atypia and NO ____ cells
biopsy: malignant glands back to back with little stroma lined by **SINGLE layer of cuboidal epithelial cells w/ atypia** **columnar** cells → **cuboidal** cells with atypia and NO **flattened basal** cells
36
PSA is normally produced by \_\_\_\_\_ what is a normal PSA value?
PSA is normally produced by **prostatic glandular epithelium** ## Footnote **normal = \<4 ng/mL** **high = \>10 ng/mL**
37
a complication of the condition seen in the image is \_\_\_\_
a complication of the condition seen in the image is **urethral stricture**
38
list conditions where PSA is high
* cancer * BPH * prostatitis, infarction * ejaculation * extensive exercise
39
describe the image
40
the condition seen in the image is described as failure of \_\_\_\_
the condition seen in the image is described as failure of **a testis to descend completely into its normal position within the scrotum**
41
the most common location of the condition seen in the image is \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_
the most common location of the condition seen in the image is **upper scrotal**, **inguinal canal**, **abdominal**
42
an ____ is done to correct the condition in the image: before 2 years old to reduce \_\_\_ before 5 years old to reduce \_\_\_\_
an **orchiopexy** is done to correct the condition in the image: before 2 years old to reduce **infertility** before 5 years old to reduce **testicular cancer/germ cell tumors**
43
in the histology of the condition seen in the image, there is atrophied ____ due to increased ____ which ultimately affects the ____ causing NO \_\_\_\_
in the histology of the condition seen in the image, there is atrophied **seminiferous tubules** due to increased **temperature outside of scrotum** which ultimately affects the **Sertoli cells** causing NO **spermatogenesis**
44
in the condition seen in the image; \_\_\_\_ is normal (but still infertile b/c no ___ cells) \_\_\_ is low and ____ is high
**LH and testosterone** are normal (but still infertile b/c no **Sertoli** cells) **inhibin** is low and **FSH** is high
45
complications of the condition seen in the image are ___ and \_\_\_
complications of the condition seen in the image are **infertility** and **increased risk of germ cell tumors**
46
the etiology of epididymo-orchitis in children is \_\_\_\_
the etiology of epididymo -orchitis in children is **G-ve bacilli**
47
the etiology of epididymo-orchitis in males \<35 years is \_\_\_\_
the etiology of epididymo -orchitis in males \<35 years is: ## Footnote **STD, caused by Gonorrhea or C. trachomatis**
48
the etiology of epididymo-orchitis in males \>35 years is \_\_\_\_
the etiology of epididymo -orchitis in males \>35 years is: ## Footnote **UTI, caused by E. coli or Pseudomonas**
49
list causes of pre-testicular male infertility
hypopituitarism, estrogen excess
50
list causes of testicular male infertility
agonadism, atrophy, germ cell aplasia, maturation arrest
51
list causes of post-testicular male infertility
blood/lymph obstruction, infections, immotile cilia syndrome (Kartgener's)
52
list risk factors for testicular tumors
* cryptorchidism = biggest risk factor * isochromosome 12p * duplicate of the P arm * testicular dysgenesis (Klinfelter's syndrome) * radiation
53
list the testicular tumors associated with ages: infant/children 15-30 30-50 \>60 yrs
infant/children = teratomas & yolk sac 15-30 = mixed germ cell tumor 30-50 = seminoma \>60 yrs = lymphomas
54
the condition seen in the image is well circumscribed with no ___ & ___ and is therefore painless
the condition seen in the image is well circumscribed with no **hemorrhage** & **necrosis** and is therefore painless
55
the condition seen in the image spreads via \_\_\_, especially to which 2 nodes?
the condition seen in the image spreads via **lymphatics**, especially to the **para-aortic** and **iliac lymph nodes**
56
the histology of the condition in the image would have a ____ appearance with sheets of ___ with __ and ____ infiltrate
the histology of the condition in the image would have a **fried egg** appearance with sheets of **uniform cells** with **delicate septa** and **lymphocytic** infiltrate
57
\_\_\_ is a tumor marker for the condition seen in the image with no increase in serum ___ or \_\_\_\_
**LDH** is a tumor marker for the condition seen in the image with no increase in serum **HCG** or **AFP**
58
describe treatments for the condition seen in the image
* treatment: * excisional biopsy = allows for diagnosis and treatment * radiosensitive, so do radiotherapy * does NOT cause infertility
59
describe the composition of the condition seen in the image
**seminiferous** (seminoma) + **non-seminiferous tubules** (choriocarcinoma, embryonal, teratoma, yolk sac) therefore, all **5 germ cells are seen**
60
the condition seen in the image is a solid, (unilateral or bilateral?) tumor with ____ and \_\_\_\_
the condition seen in the image is a **solid**, **unilateral** tumor with **hemorrhage** and **necrosis**
61
since the condition in the image is partly seminoma, there would be an increase in \_\_\_\_
since the condition in the image is partly seminoma, there would be an increase in **LDH**
62
since the condition in the image is partly choriocarcinoma, there would be an increase in ____ which is secreted by \_\_\_\_\_
since the condition in the image is partly choriocarcinoma, there would be an increase in **B-hCG = "male pregnancy" (secreted by syncytiotrophoblasts)**
63
since the condition in the image is partly **yolk sac**, there would be an increase in ____ bodies, as well as in increase in serum \_\_\_
since the condition in the image is partly **yolk sac**, there would be an increase in **Schiller-Duval bodies (primitive glomeruli)** as well as an increase in serum **AFP, A1AT**
64
since the condition in the image is partly embryonal, ____ would be seen on histology
since the condition in the image is partly embryonal, **small, round blue cells in a bizarre arrangement** would be seen on histology
65
urethral opening on the ventral surface of penis = \_\_\_ urethral opening on the dorsal surface of penis = \_\_\_
urethral opening on the ventral surface of penis = **hypospadias** urethral opening on the dorsal surface of penis = **epispadias**
66
phimosis is due to ____ or \_\_\_\_
phimosis is due to **development anomalies** or **infection and scarring of the preputial ring**
67
describe paraphimosis
when a phimotic prepuce is forcibly retracted over the glans penis, causing marked constriction and swelling painful, urethral constrictions, UTIs
68
list the penile carcinoma in-situ ## Footnote **all are due to \_\_\_\_**
**all are due to *HPV infection***
69
the etiology of the condition seen in the image is \_\_\_\_
the etiology of the condition seen in the image is **HPV 16 & 18** ## Footnote **integrates into host chromosome → E6 and E7 inactivate p53 and Rb (respectively)**
70
list risk factors for the condition seen in the image
* multiple sexual partners * smoking * smegma (dirty lubricating fluid in uncircumscribed males)
71
the condition seen in the image spreads via \_\_\_\_
the condition seen in the image spreads via **lymph**
72
describe the histology of the condition seen in the image
malignant squamous cells with keratin pearls
73
describe a complication of the condition seen in the image
skin is breached → secondary bacterial infxn (S. aureus) → **epididymo****-orchitis**
74
hematocele is blood in the ___ caused by \_\_\_\_
hematocele is blood in the **tunica vaginalis** caused by **trauma**
75
a hydrocele is accumulation of fluid in \_\_\_\_
a hydrocele is accumulation of fluid in **the tunica**
76
varicocele is \_\_\_\_
varicocele is **dilatation of congested blood vessels in spermatic cord**
77
spermatocele is \_\_\_\_
spermatocele is **dilatation of epididymis with semen**
78
scrotal cancer is commonly seen in ____ and is associated with \_\_\_\_
scrotal cancer is commonly seen in **chimney sweepers** and is associated with **coal tar**

Path Exam 3 (9 decks)

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