Male Genital Tract II

Question 1

What is the most common bladder tumor in kids?

Answer 1

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma

Question 2

What is the most common mesenchymal bladder tumor in adults?

Answer 2

Leiomyosarcoma

Question 3

What is Peyronie disease?

Answer 3

Fibrous bands involving the corpus cavernosum of the penis –> curved, painful erections

Question 4

What is hypospadias?

Answer 4

urethral opening on the ventral surface of the penis (underside, rather than the tip)

Question 5

What is epispadias?

Answer 5

When the urethral opening is on the dorsal surface of the penis

Question 6

What is phimosis?

Answer 6

Prepuce (foreskin) can not be retracted

Can be congenital or acquired (following infection)

Question 7

What are the three M’s of herpes?

Answer 7

Multinucleated
Molding of nuclei
Margination

Question 8

What kind of virus is molluscum contagiosum?

Answer 8

DNA poxvirus

Question 9

What are the characteristic cells of chondyloma accuminatum?

Answer 9

Koilocytes with raisin-like nuclei

Caused by HPV 6 and 11

Question 10

Most cancer of the penis is what kind?

Answer 10

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 11

What causes squamous cell carcinoma of the penis?

Answer 11

High risk HPV (16, 18)

Question 12

What are complications associated with undescended testis?

Answer 12

Infertility

Germ cell neoplasm

Question 13

The serosal cavity of the scrotum is lined with what cells?

Answer 13

Mesothelial (like in the lung, heart, abdominal cavity…)

Question 14

Name two causes of epididymitis/orchitis

Answer 14

Mumps, Coxsackie B virus

Question 15

Which are more common- seminoma or non-seminoma tumors of the testicle?

Answer 15

Seminomas

Question 16

What is the prognosis of seminomas?

Answer 16

High! They present early- usually stage one, and are radiosensitive

If they metastasize, they go to lymph nodes

Question 17

What is the prognosis of non-seminoma testicular cancer?

Answer 17

Good- but worse than seminomas. They metastasize through the blood and they present at later stages. Radioresistant

Question 18

List a few common risk factors for testicular cancer

Answer 18

Cryptorchidism (undescended testis)
Gonadal dysgenesis with Y chromosome
Testicular feminization
HIV infection

Question 19

What chromosomal abnormality is seen in 90% of germ cell testicular cancer invasive tumors

Answer 19

Shortening of the p arm of chromosome 12 - instead of long arm, you have two of short arm on themselves

Question 20

Which hormone is secreted by yolk sac tumors?

Answer 20

AFP

Question 21

Which hormone is secreted by choriocarcinomas?

Answer 21

hCG

Question 22

Why are yolk sac tumors important in the infant population?

Answer 22

Yolk sac tumors are the most common type of testicular tumor in infants up to 3 years

Question 23

What are the characteristic histologic findings of yolk sac tumors?

Answer 23

Schiller-Duval bodies/glomeruloid bodies

Question 24

Are pure choriocarcinomas usually seen?

Answer 24

Very rarely- they are nearly always present in a mixed form with other tumor types

Question 25

WHat are the two main cell types of a choriocarcinoma?

Answer 25

Syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast

Question 26

What type of teratomas are never seen in post-pubertal males?

Answer 26

Benign teratomas

Question 27

Crystalloids of Reinke are pathognomonic for which neoplasm?

Answer 27

Leydig cell tumors

Question 28

Most common testicular tumor in adults?

Answer 28

Seminoma

Question 29

Most common bilateral primary testicular tumor?

Answer 29

Seminoma

Question 30

Most common bilateral testicular tumor?

Answer 30

Lymphoma

Question 31

Most common testicular tumor in infants/children?

Answer 31

Yolk Sac tumor - secretes AFP

Question 32

Most common non-germ cell tumor of testis?

Answer 32

Leydig cell tumor

Question 33

Most common tumors of testis- mixed or pure?

Answer 33

Mixed

Question 34

Where in the prostate are carcinomas usually located?

Answer 34

Posterior- found by DRE

Question 35

What is the etiology of BPH?

Answer 35

DHT --> increases growth of both stroma and glandular components

Question 36

How do we treat BPH?

Answer 36

Finasteride- blocks 5-alpha reductase

Question 37

Which is the most common type of prostate cancer?

Answer 37

Adenocarcinoma

Question 38

Which BRCA gene is associated with prostate cancer?

Answer 38

BRCA2

Question 39

WHat is the best predictive marker for prognosis of prostate cancer?

Answer 39

Gleason grading system- Grade not stage

Question 40

What are mets commonly associated with prostate cancer?

Answer 40

Osteoblastic mets