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PHYSIOLOGY-Y2S2 > male physiology > Flashcards

male physiology Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

what is the function male repro ?

A

Production of sperm

Hormonal regulation of the male repro function

Performance of male sexual act

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2
Q

what are the accessory organs of male repro?

A

1- Seminal vesicles

2- Prostate gland

3- Bulbourethral gland

They will assist the functions of the male reproductive system by producing secretion which help in survival which can help in survival nourishment of sperm as well enhance sperm motility

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3
Q

what is the function of each accessory organ?

A

Seminal vesicles :

Contain FRUCTOSE ( nourishment ) and PROSTAGLANDINS ( enhance sperm motility )

Prostate :

ALKALINE secretion which neutralize the ACIDITY of semen + Enhance motility ( cuz sperm is highly motile in alkaine and even slight acidity slows it )

Bulbourethral gland :

Tiny gland to lubricate the tip of penis

all these empty their secretions in the same pathway was sperm to FORM SEMEN

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4
Q

what main organs of male repro?

A

Testes

Scrotum

Epididymis

Ductus/vas deferens

Ejaculatory duct

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5
Q

what is the function of each main organ?

A

Testes :

Main site of production of sperm

Seminiferous tubules –> sperm production
Interstitial cells/leydig cells —> Testerone prod

Scrotum :

Enclose and protect the testes –> help maintaining temp ( otherwise no sperm )

Epididymis :

PASSAGE –> function to help maturation of sperm + storing them + functions as passage to remaining part of male repro system so sperm combine with other SECRETIONS TO FORM SEMEN

Ductus/vas deferens :

Eventually leads to dilated portion : ampulla of ductus deferens ( has acidity ,so prostate need to help by alkaline )

Ejaculatory ducts ( ampulla + seminal vesicles ) : FINALLY URETHRA –> 1. PROSTATIC , 2 MEMEBRANOUS URETHRA , 3 SPONGY URETHRA

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6
Q

describe structure of male repro ?

A

Gonads –> primary reproductive gland is testis composed of seminiferous tubules ( repsosnbile for spermatogensis )

Repro tract –> housing and transportation of sperm, composed of epididymis ( head, body , tail ) and vas deferens

Accessory sex glands –> Seminal vesicles , prostate and bulbourethral gland, produce and release supportive secretions

Slight storage occur at VAS DUCTUS, DEFERENS

main site of storage and maturation? –> EPIDIDYMIS

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7
Q

what is the function of scrotum ?

A

Regulates and maintains the temperature of testis

Via 3 mechanisms

Spermatogenesis occurs –> naturally heat occurs —> why testes are outside the body = if high temp stays in testes = spermatogenesis disrupted

Temp is testes is 2-6 degrees less than normal body temp

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8
Q

what are 3 mechanisms by which scrotum maintain temp ?

A

Cremaster muscle

Tunica dartos muscles

Pampiniform plexus

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9
Q

describe cremaster muscle mechanism ?

A

-Layer of skeletal muscle - Cover scrotum

  • Lowers and raise the testis in order to control temp ( cold = raise, hot = descend )
  • PROMOTES SPERMATOGENESIS
  • Cremaster muscles pull the testes toward the body in FIGHT AND FLIGHT condition to protect them ( SYMPATHETIC )- to protect from dmg

-Cremasteric reflex –> ELVATION OF TESTICLES WHEN STROKE THE SKIN OF INNER THIGH –> test in clinical ( stroke thigh and the muscle will them up)

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10
Q

describe tunica dartos muscles mechanism ?

A

Subcutaneous layer of smooth muscle

Coordinate with cremaster muscles

Contract IN COLD WEATHER –> wrinked scrotum pushing the testes toward the body

IN WARM weather —> relaxes and moves the testes away from the body

this is A SMOOTH MUSCLE ( CREMASTER WAS SKELETAL )

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11
Q

Describe pampiniform plexus ?

A

Help regulate the temp of testes by acting as HEAT EXHCANGE MECHANISM

WARM blood flowing the down the testicular artery loses some of its heat to the cooler blood flowing in the opposite direction through the pampiniform plexus of veins

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12
Q

what is the function testis ?

A

Spermatogenesis

Hormone production

testes is divided into lobules by septas

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13
Q

describe lobules of testis ?

A

Contain 900 COILED SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES —> one half meter long

Seminiferous tubules are the functional units of testes to PRODUCE SPERMS :

Spermatogenic cells

Sertoli cells

INTERSTITIAL COMPARTMENT –> LEYDIG CELLS ( produce testerone )

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14
Q

describe spermatogenesis ?

A

Spermatogonia :

Immature germ cells lie in 2-3 layers of INNER surface of seminiferous tubules

AT PUBERTY :

Proliferation and stage-wise differentiation of spermatogonia lead to formation of sperm

Spermatogeneis begin at average of 13 years and regulated by anterior pituitary gonadotropic hormones

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15
Q

what make spermatogonia start being active and differentiate into sperm?

A

LH

Testosterone by LEYDIG CELLS in the interstitium

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16
Q

describe stages of spermatogenesis ?

A

46 chromosomes of the spermatocytes are divided

23 chromosomes goes to each SPERMATID ( could be female or male sperm either X or Y )

Primordial germ cells —> enter the testis –> spermatogonia ( from birth until puberty )

Spermatogonia —> primary spermatocyte ( by proliferation by mitotic cell division inside testis )

Primary spermatocyte —> Secondary spermatocyte –> mitotic division 1

Secondary spermatocyte —> SPERMATIDS –>MITOTIC 2ND division

SPERMATIDS ( EITHER X OR Y )

Spermatid become mature sperm by DIFFERENTIATION

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17
Q

how long does it take for spermatogenesis ?

A

74 days

to release sperm unable to swim and incapable of fertilization

Further maturation of sperm –> EPIDIDYMIS , though multiple inhibitory substances in the epididymis still prevent final motility

AFTER EJACULATION –>

SPERM ATTAIN FINAL MOTILITY AND CAPABILITY TO FERTILIZE CALLED MATURATION

a fluid produced by sertoli cells and epididymis containing hormones , enzymes and nutrients is ejaculated along with sperms

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18
Q

wheen does sperm achieve full maturation ?

A

AFTER EJACULATION

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19
Q

describe sperm transport and storage?

A

Epididymis –> after formation in seminiferous tubules it takes several days for sperm to pass via the epididymis :

NON MOTILE AND CANT FERTILIZE AND OVUM

After 18-24 hours in the epididymis , sperm start developing motility :

Capacity of motility not 100% ( INHIBITORY PROTIENS )

120 millions sperms produced by two testes –> in day stored in epididymis a month mainly and also in vas deferens in small quantity

MAINTAIN THEIR FERTILITY FOR A MONTH ( can only stay for 30 days in epididymis b4 becoming ineffective )

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20
Q

why do we have inhibitory proteins in epididymis ?

A

they prevent activation of sperm why ?

1 - We dont want to activate the digestive enzymes within sperm they so dont cause damage

2- we dont want to use ATP unnecessarily for movement we want it to be conserved until they reach female repro

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21
Q

what are the features of sperm?

Study These Flashcards
A

Velocity 1-4 mm/min –> REMAINS ALIVE in female tract for 1-2 days

PH of medium :– ALKALINE enhance activity , but acidity depresses it

Head and tail

Head has compact nucleus and thin cytoplasm

Anterior 2/3 of the head –> THICK CAP - ACROSOME–> contain digestive enzymes

Tail

22
Q

describe the tail of sperm ?

Study These Flashcards
A

Called flagellum

Anoxeme : CENTRAL SKELETON OF 11 MICROTUBULES

A thin membrane covering axoneme

A collcection of mitochondria in PROXIMAL part of tail

23
Q

describe the movement of sperm?

Study These Flashcards
A

Rhythmical longitudinal sliding motion between anterior and posterior microtubules

24
Q

describe function of seminal vesicles ?

Study These Flashcards
A

Tortuous tube lined with secretory epithelium secrete mucoid material containing :

FRUCTOSE, CRITIC ACID , PROSTAGLANDINS AND FIBRINOGEN empties its content in ejaculatory duct

25
describe function of prostate gland ?
Secrete thin, milky slighlty alkaline fluid having calcium, citrat ion, phosphate ions, clotting enzyme and profibrinolysin make final semen neutral by neutralizing it acidity
26
what are hormones controlling spermatogenesis ?
Testosterone LH FSH Estrogen GH
27
function of testosterone ?
Leydig cells ( interstitium ) Essential for growth and division of testicular germinal cells
28
action of LH?
Anterior pituitary Stimulates the leydig cells to secrete testosterone Lh with L work on leydig with L
29
function of FSH?
anterior pituitary, Stimulates sertoli cells Without this stimulation the CONVERSION OF SPERMATID TO SPERM will not occur ( final step ) fSh works on Serotli ( s and s)
30
function of estrogen?
formed by sertoli cells when stimulated by FSH probably also essential for spermiogenesis
31
function of GH?
control background metabolic function of testes GH promotes early division of spermatogonia
32
function of sertoli cells?
aka nursing cells Nourishment of developing sperm Secrete luminal fluid--> ANDROGEN BINDING GLOBULIN Receive stimulation by FSH and testosterone to secrete paracrine agents that stimulate sperm proliferation and differentiation Secrete protein hormone called INHIBIN ( inhibit FSH secretion ) Phagocytize defective sperm
33
function of androgen binding globulin ?
bind testosterone and keep its lvl high in this area ( trap it ) so spermatogenesis can happen
34
storyline of Testosterone and FSH?
1- LH stimulate leydig cells 2- Testosterone is produced 3- Testosterone leave and bind to NUCLEAR RECEPTORS ( cuz its steroid/lipid hormone ) in sertoli cells 4- stimulate spermatogenesis FSH :: 1- FSH bind to CELL MEMRBANE receptors on sertoli cells 2- INCREASE EXPRESSION OF TESTOSTERONE RECEPTORS 3- STIMULATE SPERMATOGENESIS Fsh alone = weak Testosteorne alone = WEAK Together = STRONG
35
function of testosterone ?
produce actions on its own ( muscle mass , spermatogeneis, sexual functions ) or Can be converted into Dihydrotestosterone or estradiol ( Estrogen ) then through these produce other functions in prostate testosterone gets converted to DHT that can causes GROWTH and function of the prostate gland
36
pattern of secretion of testosterone ?
1- During fetal life the testes are stimulated by CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN from placenta to produce moderate quantities of testosterone throughout the entire period of fetal development and for 10 or more weeks after birth --> PEAKS AT 2ND TRIMESTER AND STIMULATED BY hCG ( imp to make sure male zygote become male and not female ) 2- After that, essentially NO testosterone is produced during childhood until 10 or 13 years old 3- Testosterone production then increases rapidly under the stimulus of anterior pituitary gonadotropic hormones at the onset of puberty --> LASTS TRHOUGOUT THE MOST OF THE REMAINDER OF LIFE 4- DWINLDING somewhat beyond 50-60 years
37
describe metabolism of testosterone ?
Interstitial cells of leydig 97% of testosterone become either loosely bound with PLASMA ALBUMIN or tightly bound with beta globulin called SEX HORMONE BINDING GLOBULIN Circulates in the blood in these states for 30 minutes to several hours Much of testosterone is converted to DHT in the tissues such as prostate gland Some actions of testosterone is due to this conversion
38
what enzyme is responsible for converting?
5 alpha reductase
39
what initiates male sexual act?
Neuronal stimulus Initiated by special SEONSORY END OGAN system ( Glans penis ) Slippery massaging action - stimulate the sensory system in the penis gland
40
what carries sexual sensation ?
impulses from: PUDENDAL NERVE Pudendal nerve ---> sacral plexus ---> sacral portion of spinal cord ---> various areas in brain
41
what are psychic elements of male sexual act?
Psychic stimuli increase the ability for sexual act performance --> NOCTURNAL EMISSIONS
42
how is male sexual integrated in spinal cord?
brain activity is not a sole important factor Stimulation and ejaculation can take pace after spinal cord cut above the lumbar lvl
43
describe relfexogenic erection?
NO INPUT FROM BRAIN from S2-S4 segments then to spinal cord then back to penis
44
describe psychogenic erection?
Brain is involved here any sensory input--> thought, smell, etc ---> Down through T10-L2 segments to cause erection
45
how is sexual act sustained?
combination of psychic stimulation and sex organ stimulation BOTH REQUIRED
46
what are the stages of sexual act?
Penile erection Lubrication Emission Ejaculation
47
describe penile erection?
First effect of sexual stimulation --> psychic /physical Proportional to degree of stimulation PARASYMPATHETIC IMPULSES --> sacral spinal cord through PELVIC NERVES --> PENIS NO, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE (vip) , ACH ( 3 neurotransmitter ) VASODILATION of arteries of penis this cause --> ballooning of two corpora cavernosa (ERECTILE TISSUE ) and erection Veins get compressed due to the pressure so not much blood gets drained from this area ( inflow > outflow )--> ALSO LEAD TO ERECTION
48
describe lubrication phase?
Parasympathetic impulses : Stimulates urethral glands and bulbourethral glands to produce mucous it flows through urethra to provide lubrication during sexual act Unsatisfactory lubrication leads to painful sensation and inhibit sexual sensation BOTH ERECTION + LUBRICATION = PARASYMPATHETIC
49
describe emission phase?
Sexual stimulus become intense -- > SYMPATHETIC IMPULSES EMITTED FROM SPINAL CORD pass genital organs via HYPOGASTRIC AND PELVIC SYMPATHETIC PELXUS ---> EMISSION (not the pelvic nerve but '' pelvic sympathetic plexuses ) vas deferens contracts --> sperm expelled in urethra --> prostate gland and seminal vesicles contract --> expulsion of fluid from both organs in urethra forcing sperm forward Mucous from bulbourethral gland is also mixed in secretion bulk of fluid in semen come from SEMINAL VESICLES ( 60%)
50
Describe ejaculation phase ?
Filling of the internal urethra with semen ---> Send SYMPATHETIC SIGNALS through PUDENDAL NERVE TO SACRAL SPINAL CORD will lead to Rhythmical contraction of genital organs --> INCREASED PRESSURE IN ERECTILE TISSUE AND GENITAL DUCTS --> EJACULATION both emission and ejaculation are under sympathetic Emission --> hypogastric + pelvic symp plexus Ejaculation --> Pudendal

PHYSIOLOGY-Y2S2 (17 decks)

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