Male Reproduction

Question 1

Which cell determines an embryo’s gender?

Answer 1

sperm

Question 2

How many chromosomes do humans have?

Answer 2

Pairs: Autosomes 22, Sex chromosomes 1

Question 3

What is the difference between primary and secondary sex organs?

Answer 3

Primary sex organs produce gametes; Secondary sex organs are other organs necessary for reproduction

Question 4

The mesonephric ducts develop in which gender?

Answer 4

males

Question 5

The paramesonephric ducts develop in which gender?

Answer 5

females

Question 6

What hormone is an androgen?

Answer 6

testosterone

Question 7

What is the function of the SRY gene?

Answer 7

Sex determining region of Y chromosome
Codes for TDF which directs development of testes

Question 8

What does TDF do?

Answer 8

Initiates development of testes and stimulates mesonephric ducts to develop

Question 9

What is MIF?

Answer 9

Secreted from testes; causes paramesonephric ducts to degenerate

Question 10

When does sexual differentiation begin?

Answer 10

Begins at 5-6 weeks and complete at 10-12 weeks

Question 11

Know which embryonic tissues become what parts of the reproductive system in both genders.

Answer 11

Genital tubercle: head of penis (male), glans clitoris (female)
Urethral folds: male urethra, female labia minora
Labioscrotal folds: male scrotum, female labia majora

Question 12

What is androgen insensitivity syndrome?

Answer 12

Person XY with testes secreting testosterone but phenotype shows female

Question 13

What is cryptorchidism?

Answer 13

Males born with undescended testes

Question 14

What is the function of the scrotum?

Answer 14

Maintain testicular temperature for sperm production

Question 15

What is the function of the dartos muscle?

Answer 15

Contracts scrotom in cold, relaxes when warm to reduce heat loss.
Changes surface area of scrotum

Question 16

What is the function of the cremaster muscle?

Answer 16

Contracts to move the testes closer when cold, relaxes in warm

Question 17

What is the function of the pampiniform plexus?

Answer 17

Countercurrent blood flow cools arterial blood and warms venous blood

Question 18

Why do the testes need to be at a lower temperature than the core body temperature?

Answer 18

Sperm production requires a lower temperature

Question 19

What is the function of the testes?

Answer 19

Spermatogenesis and hormone secretion

Question 20

What does LH do in males?

Answer 20

Stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone

Question 21

What is the correct pathway that sperm take from the testes to the urethra?

Answer 21

Seminiferous tubules, Rete testis, Efferent ductules, Epididymis, Vas deferens, Ejaculatory duct, Urethra

Question 22

What do the interstitial (Leydig) cells do?

Answer 22

Secrete testosterone

Question 23

What do the Sertoli (sustentacular) cells do?

Answer 23

Protect germ cells (developing sperm cells) by blood testis barrier and promote their development

Question 24

What is the blood-testis barrier?

Answer 24

Tight junctions between nurse cells (sertoli cells) preventing immune attacks on germ cells

Question 25

Know the 4 spermatic ducts in order.

Answer 25

Efferent ductules, Epididymis, Ductus Deferens, Ejaculatory duct

Question 26

What is the function of the epididymis?

Answer 26

Site of sperm maturation

Question 27

What are the 3 accessory glands and what does each one produce?

Answer 27

Seminal vesicle: 60% semen; Prostate gland: 30% semen; Bulbourethral gland: pre-ejaculate

Question 28

What is puberty?

Answer 28

Period from onset of gonadotropin secretion until first ejaculation of viable sperm

Question 29

How do we define adolescence?

Answer 29

Period including puberty until full adult height is attained

Question 30

What hormone triggers puberty?

Answer 30

Gonadotropin

Question 31

What is andropause?

Answer 31

Changes from declining testosterone with age

Question 32

What is spermatogenesis?

Answer 32

Process of sperm production in seminiferous tubules Development of spermatogonia into spermatids

Question 33

What is the difference between type A and type B spermatogonia?

Answer 33

Type A produces Type B; Type B become primary spermatocytes

Question 34

What is spermiogenesis?

Answer 34

Final stage of spermatogenesis where spermatids become mature spermatozoa

Question 35

How many spermatids do we get from 1 gamete cell (spermatogonia)?

Answer 35

One spermatogonium gives rise to 4 spermatids

Question 36

Know the different parts of the spermatozoon and their functions.

Answer 36

Head: contains nucleus and acrosome; Midpiece: packed with mitochondria; Tail: used for propulsion

Question 37

Know the components of seminal fluid and their functions.

Answer 37

Fructose: energy for sperm; Prostaglandins: promote uterine contractions; Fibrinogen: forms temporary semen clot; Alkaline mucus: neutralizes vaginal acidity; Enzymes: liquefy semen; Seminalplasmin: reduces infection risk

Question 38

Describe the excitement phase of the male sexual response.

Answer 38

Parasympathetic activation leads to vasodilation and erection

Question 39

Describe the plateau phase of the male sexual response.

Answer 39

HR, BP, and respiratory rate stay increased

Question 40

Describe the orgasm phase of the male sexual response.

Answer 40

Marked by ejaculation; two phases: emission and expulsion

Question 41

Describe the resolution phase of the male sexual response.

Answer 41

Body returns to normal; penis becomes soft and flaccid

Question 42

How do medications treat ED?

Answer 42

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors prolong duration of erection

Question 43

What are STDs?

Answer 43

Sexually transmitted diseases with various symptoms

Question 44

What is the symptom of Gonorrhea?

Answer 44

Pain and pus discharge

Question 45

What is a symptom of Chlamydia?

Answer 45

Urethral discharge and testicular pain

Question 46

What is a symptom of Syphilis?

Answer 46

Hard lesions (chancres) at infection site

Question 47

What is a symptom of Genital herpes?

Answer 47

Blisters and pain

Question 48

What is a symptom of genital warts?

Answer 48

Warts on perineal region, cervix, anus

Question 49

What does Hepatitis B and C cause?

Answer 49

Inflammatory liver disease