Male Reproductive System

Question 1

what are 4 primary sex characteristics of men

Answer 1

testes
penis
scrotum
prostate gland

Question 2

what 3 functions does the penis combine

Answer 2

erotic
reproductive
excretory

Question 3

what are the male external genitalia

Answer 3

penis
scrotum

Question 4

scrotum

Answer 4

sac of skin outside the body, behind the penis.
contains the testicles, which are the gonads and main source of testosterone, and sperm production.
testicles are suspended in scrotum to be kept at slightly cooler temperature than rest of the body for proper function.
has muscles that contract and relax, which help to move testicles closer or farther from the body, to maintain optimal temperature for sperm production

Question 5

basic parts of the penis

Answer 5

the head: glans
foreskin: loose fold of skin that covers the glans

Question 6

what is circumcision in men?

Answer 6

removal of foreskin

Question 7

what sort of structure do penises have that keeps them erect?

Answer 7

hydrostatic skeleton

Question 8

what are the erectile structures of the penis?

Answer 8

shaft contains pair of corpora cavernosa, and a corpus spongiosum

Question 9

corpus spongiosum

Answer 9

extends from shaft into the glans

Question 10

urethral meatus

Answer 10

opening at the end of the penis, semen or urine exit the body
tip of the glans penis
the point of entry for urethral sounding, a medical procedure where a thin tube is inserted into urethra to diagnose or treat certain conditions

Question 11

the glans of the penis

Answer 11

aka. the head
sensitive, rounded tip of the penis
important in sexual response, rich in nerve endings. very sensitive to touch and stimulation.
high concentration of sensory receptors make it a key part of male sexual response, contributing to arousal, erection and orgasm

Question 12

what are 2 muscles associated with the penis and what do they do?

Answer 12

the ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus
assist with erection and ejaculation

Question 13

the corona of the penis

Answer 13

area that separates the glans from the shaft
ridge like structure around base of glans
a transition area, no specific function but can be sensitive due to presence of nerve endings and blood vessels

Question 14

crus of the penis

Answer 14

aka. crura
two masses of erectile tissue that extend from base of penis, attached to pubic bone
main support structure during erection. keep penis upright and maintains erection by providing strong base for blood filled corpora cavernosa and corpus cavernosum
contains deep dorsal vein, which drains blood and helps to maintain erection

Question 15

bulbourethral glands

Answer 15

aka. Cowper’s glands
located near base of penis. secrete thick, clear fluid called pre-ejaculate (precum)
fluid is released into urethra before ejaculation to help lubricate the urethra and neutralize any acidity from urine to make it more hospitable for sperm
also has enzymes and proteins to help sperm survival

Question 16

the prostate gland

Answer 16

small, muscular gland that surrounds urethra (tube that carries semen and urine from the body)
main function is to secrete fluid that makes up part of semen
the fluid has enzymes that help nourish and protect sperm. prostate gland also helps propel sperm out of body by contracting rhythmically

Question 17

prostatic urethra

Answer 17

portion of urethra that passes through the prostate gland. tube that carries urine and semen from the body

Question 18

look at penis anatomy and cross section!

Answer 18

ok bestie!

Question 19

dorsal vein

Answer 19

vein that runs along top surface of penis. responsible for carrying blood away from penis, back to the heart. during erection the dorsal vein becomes compressed to prevent blood from flowing back out. the vein also helps transport semen out of the penis during ejaculation

Question 20

superficial fascia

Answer 20

layer of connective tissue that surrounds the penis and is located beneath the skin.
aka Buck’s fascia
main function is to provide support and to hold blood vessels, nerves and muscles in place. allows penis to expand and become rigid when filled with blood

Question 21

tunica albuginea

Answer 21

dense fibrous sheath that surrounds the corpora cavernosa
main function is to maintain structural integrity and allow it to become erect while not letting the corpora cavernosa fill too much and also prevents excessive blood loss when ejaculating

Question 22

medial septum

Answer 22

structure that divides two corpora cavernosa
provides structural support and maintains shape of penis during erection. prevents over expansion of corpora cavernosa and leakage of blood during ejaculation.

Question 23

corpora cavernosa

Answer 23

columns of erectile tissue in the penis that fill with blood during erection, causing penis to become rigid and erect. also help maintain the erection by trapping blood in penis

Question 24

urethra

Answer 24

tube that carries urine and semen out of body
urine is stored in the bladder
semen is a fluid that contains sperm and other substances, produced in prostate and other glands

Question 25

corpus spongiosum

Answer 25

column of erectile tissue around the urethra along underside of penis. fills with blood during erection, but main function is to protect urethra and provide passage for urine and semen. provides necessary rigidity to head of penis, during erection

Question 26

how common is penile cancer?

Answer 26

not common. other conditions are more common though

Question 27

balanitis

Answer 27

inflammation of the glans/tip

Question 28

phimosis

Answer 28

inability to retract foreskin to expose the glans

Question 29

paraphimosis

Answer 29

trapment of retracted foreskin behind glans

Question 30

peyronie’s disease

Answer 30

curvature of penis caused by scarring of corpora cavernosa

Question 31

penile cancer

Answer 31

rare. when caught early it can be treated with minor surgery

Question 32

peep male side view anatomy on slide 28!

Answer 32

ok bestie

Question 33

look at and review scrotum anatomy!!

Answer 33

ok bestie!

Question 34

epididymis

Answer 34

a structure behind each testis, through which sperm pass after leaving the testes

Question 35

the spermatic cord

Answer 35

a bundle of nerves, blood vessels and ducts that run from the abdomen into the testes. has a sheet like covering of connective tissue and a layer of striated muscles called CREMASTER muscle cremaster muscle slings around testicle

Question 36

vas deferens

Answer 36

within the spermatic cord, the vas deferents runs through, which is a tube that carries mature sperm away from epididymis. has a star shaped lumen with lots of surrounding smooth muscle

Question 37

seminiferous tubules

Answer 37

dominate internal structure of testes site of sperm production. in the testes. lined with lots of serotoli cells (sustentacular cells) that develop the sperm and provide nourishment and support. Leydig cells are also present. mature sperm move from seminiferous tubules into epididymis, where they mature and are stored until they are expelled from the body during ejaculation. as they mature the sperm are sent to centre.

Question 38

sperm development

Answer 38

through meiosis - 2 sets of cell division - makes a haploid chromosome number development from stem cell to sperm takes ~64 days average person makes ~150million sperm/day

Question 39

what do the leydig cells do?

Answer 39

they secrete testosterone testosterone stimulates sperm production, promotes development of secondary sex characteristics, maintains muscle mass and bone density

Question 40

what do sertoli cells do?

Answer 40

convert testosterone to estradiol estradiol is anti-testosterone, helps regulate hormone balance in testes. high estradiol levels inhibit production and secretion of testosterone low estradiol levels stimulate testosterone production estradiol also regulates sperm production and maturation within the seminiferous tubules.

Question 41

orchitis

Answer 41

inflammation and swelling of one or both testes. can be caused by viral or bacterial infections or autoimmune disease symptoms: pain and swelling in affected testicle, tenderness, redness and heat over the affected area, fever, discomfort and pain when touching or moving affected testicle diagnosis is made based on symptoms and physical examination, with lab tests performed to identify underlying cause of inflammation treatment depends on cause, but can include antibiotics, anti inflammatory medications and bed rest. in severe cases surgery may be necessary to drain any fluid that has accumulated in the affected testicle.

Question 42

syphilitic orchitis

Answer 42

syphilis is an STI caused by bacterium treponema pallidum. it is spread thru sexual contact with an infected person it has 4 stages: Primary- symptoms appear 2-3 weeks after exposure and include a painless sore at the site of infection Secondary- symptoms include a rash, flu-like symptoms, and fever Latent- there may not be any symptoms during this stage, but the disease is still present and can cause damage to the heart, brain and other organs if left untreated. Tertiary- serious, potentially life threatening symptoms can occur, like dementia, paralysis and blindness diagnosed with blood test and treated with antibiotics in early stages.

Question 43

where can Dr’s go look if they want to search for something quickly

Answer 43

medscape

Question 44

Is infectious syphillis on the rise or decline?

Answer 44

166% incline, mostly in women

Question 45

which syphillis is most on the rise?

Answer 45

congenital syphillis, passed from mother to child. has increased a lot, but the numbers are low

Question 46

why is syphilis on the rise?

Answer 46

lack of public health investment in surveillance, prevention and testing mistrust of health system among indigenous people, black peoples and habitual drug users

Question 47

epididymitis

Answer 47

inflammation of the epididymis caused by bacterial infection like STI, or UTI, injury, or enlarged prostate symptoms include pain and welling in one testicle, heavy/dragging sensation in the scrotum, discomfort or pain during urination and a low grade fever diagnosed though physical exam, semen analysis, or ultrasound/MRI treatment involves antibiotics to clear bacterial infection and pain relievers. if left untreated it can lead to infertility or a spermatocele (fluid filled painful lump in testicle)

Question 48

varicocele

Answer 48

enlargement of veins that drain testicles similar to varicose veins in legs. blood is not flowing properly in scrotum which causes swelling and discomfort. varioceles are a common cause of infertility, they can interfere with the normal temperature regulation of the testicles and lead to reduced sperm production. can also cause discomfort like heavy or aching feeling in scrotum. diagnosis of varioceles can be made through a physical exam, but ultrasound can confirm diagnosis. treatment can be surgical removal of affected veins or minimally invasive procedures to block veins. treatment may not be necessary if varioceles do not cause symptoms or fertility problems

Question 49

hydrocele

Answer 49

collection of fluid in the membrane space surrounding one testicle they are common in newborns, can develop later in life due to injury, infection or other conditions. fluid around testicles can cause visible swelling in the scrotum, which may feel heavy or painful. hydroceles can also cause discomfort or pain during physical activity. diagnosis of hydrocele is typically made through a physical exam, but further tests like ultrasound can confirm diagnosis. treatment options include draining the fluid with a needle or having surgery to remove the fluid and repair the area. in some cases the hydrocele may resolve on its own without treatment

Question 50

testicular torsion

Answer 50

twisting of the testicle occurs suddenly and causes intense pain and swelling and tenderness in scrotum. testicular torsion is a medical emergency, and it can lead to loss of affected testicle if not treated properly cause is unknown, believed to occur when the testicles rotate and twist the spermatic cord. can be from congenital abnormality or injury diagnosis through physical exam and medical history, may be confirmed through ultrasound or imaging tests. Treatment involves surgically untwisting the spermatic cord to restore blood flow to the affected testicle. testicle may need to be removed if it has suffered permanent damage. prompt treatment is crucial to prevent loss of affected testicle and maintain fertility

Question 51

is testicular cancer common?

Answer 51

Not really. ~1000 Canadians diagnosed and 45 died in 2017

Question 52

what are the main tumor types associated with testicular cancer?

Answer 52

seminoma: develop from germ cells that produce sperm classical seminomas are more likely to occur in people 30-50 spermatocytic seminomas are less common and are found in people 55+ non-seminoma: develop from germ cells, but these are non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs). often more aggressive and require combo of treatments, including surgery, chemo, radiation. ex. embryonal carcinoma: rapidly growing cells similar to speed seen in early embryonic development. usually malignant and can spread to lungs, lymph nodes, liver. contain mix of cell types and can be accompanied by presence of other types of tumors. ex. yolk sac carcinomas: presence of cells that resemble yolk sac, which is a structure that forms during early embryonic development and produces hormones needed for fetal development. hormones produced by yolk sac carcinomas vary. common are alphafetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). elevated levels of these hormones in blood can indicate yolk sac carcinoma and can be used to monitor condition. (NOT ALL PRODUCE HORMONES, NOT 100% CERTAINTY THING. need imaging and biopsy to confirm diagnosis) ex. choriocarcinoma, germ cell tumor that develops in the uterus, rarely arises in men ex. teratoma, can occur in testes or ovaries. can be benign or malignant OR stromal tumors: aka gonadal stromal tumors. include leydig or sertoli cell tumors. rare, 5% of testicular cancers. stromal cells produce hormones. most are benign, but if they spread they sometimes dont respond to conventional treatments.

Question 53

what is an immune profile?

Answer 53

immunostain is a lab technique used in pathology to detect specific proteins within tissue samples. uses immunohistochemistry antibodies bind to specific antigens in tissue

Question 54

how are cancer and age related?

Answer 54

typically seen in canadians 50+ since cancer risk increases with age nearly 90% of new cases and 96% of cancer deaths are in people 50+ most deaths occur in ppl 80+

Question 55

what are the 3 cancers of the male reproductive system?

Answer 55

penile testicular prostate

Question 56

describe prostate cancer

Answer 56

occurs in prostate gland surrounds top portion of urethra

Question 57

what are some prostate cancer risk factors?

Answer 57

age: increases with age ethnicity: men of west african ancestry are at higher risk. more likely to be aggressive or advanced family history: family history of prostate cancer, of BRCA mutations, or strong history of of breast cancer obesity: obese men with prostate cancer may be more likely to have advanced disease that’s more difficult to treat

Question 58

how to detect prostate cancer?

Answer 58

urologist inserts gloved and lubed finger into rectum and feels back wall of prostate gland for enlargement, tenderness, lumps or hard spots PSA test (prostate specific antigen): 50+ years old (or soon to be 50), have a family history of prostate cancer or have african ancestry, have symptoms of prostate cancer

Question 59

explain the PSA test

Answer 59

prostate-specific antigen is a protein produced by normal and malignant cells of prostate gland measures PSA levels in blood reported in nanograms/mL elevated PSA associated with prostate cancer originally made to monitor progression of prostate cancer in those already with the disease, then in the 90s it was approved to be used to test for prostate cancer but high PSA levels can also mean: - enlarged prostate due to benign prostatic hyperplasia - an inflamed or infected prostate - UTI - recent medical test or procedure on prostate like an ultrasound or biopsy - urinary catheter use for bladder exam - sexual activity that includes cumming - bike riding often

Question 60

what is HPV?

Answer 60

Human Papillomavirus, most common STI in Canada affects 3/4 sexually active Canadians get it at least once. spread by direct epithelial-epithelial contact. double stranded DNA virus more than 100 kinds, 40 can infect human genital tract.

Question 61

symptoms of HPV

Answer 61

genital warts itchiness no signs cancers can cause itchiness, bleeding and pain

Question 62

complications of HPV

Answer 62

cancer of cervix, vagina, anus, penis, mouth, throat lesion on nose, tongue, mouth some people it goes away on its own and they never knew they had it.

Question 63

what are risk factors for HPV

Answer 63

higher lifetime number of sexual partners previous other sexually transmitted infections history of sexual abuse early age of first intercourse partner’s body count tobacco/marijuana use immune suppression HIV infection

Question 64

what is best way to prevent complications from HPV?

Answer 64

early vaccination in childhood (11 or 12)

Question 65

what is the HPV vax timeline?

Answer 65

ages 9-14: 2 doses ages 15-26: 3 doses ages 21-26: 3 doses age 27+: approved by not really recommended

Question 66

what is the most common cause of cervical cancer?

Answer 66

HPV

Question 67

reasons for HPV vax refusal

Answer 67

side effects not necessary not recommended lack of knowledge not sexually active

Question 68

Who is Dr. Mike Evan’s?

Answer 68

founded reframe health lab, important scicomm initiative to inform patients