Male Reproductive Tract Flashcards
(188 cards)
1
Q
What are parts of Male internal genital organs?
A
- Testes (singular: testis)
- Epididymides (singular: epididymis)
- Duct deference’s (singular: duct deferents)
- Seminal glands
- Ejaculatory ducts
- Prostate gland
- Bulbo-urethral glands
2
Q
What are parts of male external genital organ include?
A
- Distal urethra
- Scrotum
- Penis
3
Q
What is the definition of the testes?
A
Male gonad, reproductive gland. Also an endocrine gland
4
Q
Where is the testis located?
A
It is suspended in the scrotum (a cutaneous sac) by spermatic cord
5
Q
What is the function of the testis?
A
- Produce sperms (spermatozoa-male gamete)
2. Produce male hormones (testosterone)
6
Q
What is true about the left testis?
A
It is slightly lower than the right testis
7
Q
What covers the testis?
A
It is covered by visceral layer of tunica vaginalis
8
Q
Is a closed peritoneal sac, part of processes vaginalis (peritoneal cavity) of the fetus that precedes the descent of testes into scrotal sac
A
Tunica vaginalis
9
Q
Is a part of cavity of tunica vaginalis between body of the epididymis and posterolsteral surface of the testis
A
Sinus of the epididymis
10
Q
What is the function of serous fluid between visceral and partial layers of the tunica vaginalis?
A
Allow free movement of the testis
11
Q
Tough outer fibrous layer covering the testicular tissue?
A
Tunica Albuginea
12
Q
What do we call the thickening in the posterior aspect of the tunica albuginea ?
A
Mediastinum testis
13
Q
What produces sperms in the testis?
A
Seminiferous tubules
14
Q
What connect the seminiferous tubules to rete testis in mediastinum?
A
Straight tubules
15
Q
Is a network of tubules in the mediastinum testis?
A
Rete testis
16
Q
Connect the rete testis to the head of the epididymis
A
Efferent ductules
17
Q
What is the blood supply of the testis?
A
Testicular artery
18
Q
From where the testicular artery arises?
A
The testicular artery arise from the anterolateral aspect of the abdominal aorta, just inferior to renal arteries
19
Q
How the testicular arteries enter the testis?
A
Through the spermatic cord
20
Q
What is the course of testicular arteries?
A
Posterior abdominal wall —>
Deep inguinal ring —>
Inguinal canal —>
Superficial inguinal ring —> spermatic cord
21
Q
Does the testicular artery anastomoses and with what?
A
Testicular artery or it’s branch anastomoses with artery of ductus deferens
22
Q
What is the venous drainage of the testis?
A
Testicular veins and veins of epididymis form the —> pamoiniform of venous plexus, in the spermatic cord
23
Q
What is part of the thermoregulatory system of testis?
A
Pampiniform of venous plexus
24
Q
Veins of pampiniform of plexus joins to form what?
A
It forms testicular vein
25
Where the right testicular vein drains?
Into inferior vena cava, just bellow the renal vein
26
Where does the left testicular vein drains ?
Into the left renal vein
27
Enlargement of pampiniform of plexus of veins?
Varicocele
28
What is the lymphatics of testis?
To right and left lumbar (cabal/ aortic)
| Preaortic lymph nodes —> at the level of the origin of testicular artery
29
What is the nerve supply of the testis?
1. Testicular plexus of nerves —> on testicular artery
2. Parasympathetic —> from vagus nerve (parasympathetic efferent and visceral afferents)
3. Sympathetic: T10-11 segment of the spinal cord (Vasomotor)
30
What are male gonads?
Testis
31
Cutaneous bag protects the testis?
Scrotum
32
Component of the male productive system that stores and maturation of the sperms happening within that structure?
Epididymis
33
Is a common transport of the urine and semen?
Distal urethra
34
How many parts the penis has?
Has 2 parts:
| Free part and root of the penis (the root is present in the perineal region). It is the organ of intercourse
35
Ducts that transports the sperms from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
Ductus deferens
36
Formed by ductus deference and duct from seminal glands (sometimes called seminal vesicles)
Ejaculatory duct
37
Where is the testis located?
Located within this cutaneous/ skin bag (the scrotum)
38
What is posterior to the testes?
Epididymis
39
What is superior to testes?
Spermatic cord
40
What are parts of epididymis?
Head
Body
Tail
41
Talk about the tail of epididymis?
The tail of epididymis is continuous as the ductus deference and it passes through the inguinal canal in the anterior abdominal wall and then it enters the pelvic cavity crossing the external iliac vessels then
Then it runs in the lateral pelvic wall and reaches the posterior surface of Urinary bladder, then it forms the ampulla and joins the duct coming from the seminal vesicle together forming the ejaculatory duct and that ejaculatory duct passing through the prostate gland then it continues with urethra that lead to the external genital organ (root of the penis and the body of the penis) to the distal part of urethra
42
What is the pathway of sperm movement?
Tail of epididymis —> ductus deference —> passing the inguinal canal —> anterior abdominal wall —> enters the pelvic cavity crossing the external iliac vessels —> runs in the lateral pelvic wall —> reaches the posterior surface of urinary bladder —> firms the ampulla —> joins the duct coming from the seminal vesicles —> forming ejaculatory duct —> ejaculatory duct passing through the prostate gland —> continues with the urethra —> external genital organs
43
Why is it called urogenital system?
Bcz the distal part of the urethra (there is prostatic urethra and spongy urethra) they are common for urinary system and genital system
44
What part of the testes secretes testosterone?
It is secreted by interstitial cells of leydig cells and other cells in the testis
45
Why is the testis located outside the abdominal cavity?
Because spermatogenesis needs a lower temperature than the body temperature
46
Is a triangular opening in the external oblique muscles?
Superficial inguinal ring
47
What emerges from the superficial inguinal ring?
Spermatic cord —> spermatic cord has several layer
48
What suspends the testis within the scrotal sac?
Spermatic cord
49
What structures the spermatic cord contains?
1. Vas deference
2. Pampiniform plexus of veins (which drain the testes)
3. Testicular artery —> along the ductus deference we can see the artery to the ductus deference
50
What suspends the structures within the spermatic cord?
All these structures are surrounded by several layers which are derived from the anterior abdominal wall surrounded by several layers which are derived from the anterior abdominal wall ( particularly the aponeurosis of the external oblique and internal oblique muscles and the fascia covering the inner aspect of the abdominal wall (fascia transversal is) —>
These layers of the spermatic cord extends to the croton forming the coverings of the testes
51
Why is the surface of the testes smooth?
This is bcz it is covered by visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis
52
Is the layer derived from the processes vaginalis which is part of the peritoneal cavity which passes through the inguinal canal before the descents of the testes?
Tunica vagjnalis
53
How many layers the tunica vaginalis has?
It has two layers :
Visceral
Parietal
54
What two muscles regulate the temperature of testes? And how?
1. Dartos muscle —> makes the skin contract in cold weather
2. Cremaster muscle —> contracts and bring the testis closer to the body in cold temperature
Net effect: —> maintain temperature of testis
55
What covers tunica albuginea?
Tunica vaginalis
56
What covers the inner aspect of several scrotal layers?
The parietal layer of tunica vaginalis
57
What lines the inner part of scrotal sac?
Parietal part of tunica vaginalis
58
Why is the testis movable inside the cavity of tunica vaginalis?
Because of serous fluid
59
What separate two scrotal sacs?
They are separated from each other by median septum
60
What we see within each lobule?
We have the seminiferous tubules
61
What is the end of seminiferous tubules?
Straight tubules
62
What does straight tubules unite to form?
Rete testis
63
After rete testes what we will have?
Efferent ductules of tested
64
Is a single tubular duct coiled several times within the scrotum
It is the the coiled part of ductus deference
Epididymis
65
Is a structure that mainly contains a plexus of veins called the pampiniform plexus of veins
Ductus deference
Testicular artery —> supplying the testes and epididymis
Spermatic cord
66
Why is the artery of the testis a branch of abdominal aorta?
Because the testis first was in the abdomen then it descende d
67
What surrounds the testicular artery?
It is surrounded by plexus of lymphatics
68
If the testicular artery is blocked will the testis still get blood supply?
And how and why?
Yes, it will still get blood supply because it anastomoses with the artery to ductus deference
69
Testicular veins explain the concept?
The testicular veins and veins of epididymis form the pampiniform of venous plexus.
Initially if you look at the posterior border of the testes several veins will be located but as u go up through the spermatic cord some of them unit.
So as they go up the spermatic cord, 4-3 networks will become 3-w then they finally by the tune they enter the superficial inguinal ring there will be 1 testicular vein that passes the inguinal canal
70
Which of the following give arterial supply to the testis?
a. Abdominal aorta
b. Internal iliac artery
c. Common iliac artery
d. External iliac artery
A. Abdominal aorta
71
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A patient was examined with a left-sided varicocele; the left testicular vein drains into which of the following?
A. Left renal vein
B. Left internal iliac vein
C. Left external iliac vein
D. Inferior vena cava
```
A.left renal vein
72
Elongated structure on the posterior surface of the testis?
Epididymis
73
What is the number, site, and shape of the testis?
Number —> one on each side
Site —> posterolateral to testis
Shape —> comma shaped
74
What are the definitions and parts of the epididymis?
It is a coiled tubular structure which is formed of?
A. Head
B. Body
C. Tail
75
What is the function of the epididymis?
Sperms are stored and continue and to mature
76
What does the tail of epididymis continues as?
Tail of epididymis continues as ductus deferns
77
It is continuation of the duct of the epididymis, it continues as ducts deference/ vas deferens
Tail of the epididymis
78
Consists of convoluted duct of epididymis?
Body of the epididymis
79
Composed of lobules, formed by coiled ends of efferent ductules (12-14) of the rete testis?
Head
80
Where is the sperm formed?
In seminiferous tubules
81
Where the final maturation of the sperms occur?
Final maturation happens in the epididymis particularly in the head and body and tail of epididymis and also contributes to ductus deferens
82
What is the blood supply of the epididymis/ venous drainage/ lymphatics?
Like testis
83
Which of the following is the main function of epididymis?
A. Supports the testis
B. Storage of sperms
C. Production of sperms
D. Secretion of testosterone
B. Storage of sperm
84
Where are lobules located in the testis?
In the head of the epididymis
85
What is another name for ductus deferens ?
Vas deferens
86
Is a continuation of the duct of the epididymis?
```
Ductus deferens
(Vas deferens)
```
87
Has relatively thick muscular wall?
Vas deference
88
Begins at the tail of the epididymis, at the inferior pole of the testis
Vas deference
89
It is the primary component of the spermatic cord
Vas deference
90
Primary component of the spermatic cord that passes through the superficial inguinal ring , inguinal canal, and deep inguinal ring
Ductus deferens (vas deferens)
91
How I know the vas deference in the spermatic cord?
It has thick muscular wall and very narrow lumen (felt as cord like structure)
92
What is the beginning and termination of vas deference?
Beginning: it begins at the tail of the epididymis
Termination: it unites with the duct of seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct
93
What is the course of the vas deference?
1. Intrascrotal part
2. Intrainguinal part
3. A part on the side wall of the pelvis
4. A part between the urinary bladder and the rectum
94
What is the blood supply of the vas deference?
Artery from the vas deferens ( from the inferior vesicle artery)
95
What is the venous drainage of the vas deferens?
It drains into the venous blood into the testicular vein
96
What is the function of the vas deferns?
It carries the sperms from the epididymis to ejaculatory duct
97
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Concerning the vas deference all are true except?
A. It is medial to the epididymis
2. It is lateral to seminal vesicle
3. It is about 45 cm long
4. It has retroperitoneal course
```
2. Is the wrong answer —> it lies medial to the seminal vesicle not lateral
98
What does the vas deference crosses?
It crosses over the external iliac vessels and enters the lesser pelvis
99
In the lateral pelvic wall what is the relation of the vas deference to parietal peritoneum?
It passes along the lateral pelvic wall external to parietal peritoneum
100
What is the relation of the vas deference to ureter?
It crosses superior to ureter near the posterlateral angles of the urinary bladder
101
Just before joint the seminal vesicle what happens to the vas deference?
It enlarges to form ampulla of ductus deferns
102
How the vas deference ends?
It ends by joining the duct of seminal glands to form ejaculatory duct
103
It is a male surgical procedure for sterilization?
Vasectomy
104
Describe vasectomy procedure?
They open a small skin incision above the scrotum and then they identify the spermatic cord and find the ductus deference and cut them then ligaments them, so then sperms produced in the testicles are not passing through the ductus deferens to the urethra, so they degenerate within the remaining part of the duct and within the epididymis.
Even if intercourse happens fertilization will not happen
105
It contains the structures running to and from the testis, and suspends the testis in the scrotum?
Spermatic cord
106
From where the spermatic cord begins and where it ends?
Begins at the deep inguinal ring and ends ends in the scrotum at the posterior border of the testis
It passes through the inguinal canal, superficial inguinal ring
107
What are the coverings of the spermatic cord?
1. Internal spermatic fascia —> derived from transversalis fascia
2. Cremasteric fascia —> from the fascia covering both superficial and deep surfaces of the internal oblique muscle of the abdominal wall
3. External spermatic fascia: External oblique aponeurosis and it’s investing fascia
108
From external oblique aponeurosis and it’s investing fascia?
External spermatic fascia
109
From the fascia covering both superficial and deep surfaces of the internal oblique muscle of the abdominal wall
Cremasteric fascia
110
Derived from transversalis fascia
Internal spermatic fascia
111
What are the contents of the spermatic cord?
1. Cremasteric muscle
2. Ductus deferns
3. Testicular artery
4. Artery of ductus deferns
5. Cremasteric artery
6. Pampiniform venous plexus
7. Sympathetic nerve plexus and parasympathetic nerves
8. Lymphatic vessels
9. Vestige of processes vaginalis
112
Cremasteric artery is a branch of what?
From inferior epigastric artery
113
From where the testicular artery?
From the abdominal aorta —> supplied testis and epididymis
114
Muscular tube about 45 cm in length conveys sperms from the epididymis to ejaculatory duct
Ductus deferns
115
It is a muscle derived from the internal oblique muscle layer attached to inguinal ligament
Cremasteric muscle
116
What does cremasteric fascia contains?
Cremastric fascia contains loops of cremastric muscle
117
What innervated the cremastric muscle?
Innervated by genital branch of genitofemoral nerve (L1, L2)
118
What is the function of cremastric muscle?
Reflexively draws the testis superiorly into the scrotum, in response to cold = thermoregulatioj
119
What is cremastric reflux?
When u touch the upper medial side of the thigh —> scrotum jumps
Stroking the skin causes the cremastric muscle to contract and pull up the ipsilateral testicle toward the inguinal canal
120
Accumulation of fluid in testes
Hydrocele of testis
121
Fluid in the spinal cord in the testis
Hydrocele of the spermatic cord
122
Blood in the testis
Hematocele of testis
123
Twisting of the spermatic cord
Torsion of spermatic cord
124
Cranial end of paramesonephric duct
Appendix of testis
125
Cranial end of medonephric duct
Appendix of epididymis
126
Fluid will contain the spermatozoa
Spermatocele
127
Small cavity cyst like structure in relation to the epididymis
Epididymis cyst
128
Elongated structure (about 5cm), lies between the fungus of the bladder and rectum
Seminal glands
129
Where is the seminal glands located?
Placed obliquely superior to the prostate
130
Does the seminal glands (seminal vesicles) store sperms?
Do not store sperms
131
What is the function of the seminal glands?
They secrete thick alkaline fluid with fructose and a coagulating agent that mixes with sperm as they pass into the ejaculatory ducts and urethra
132
What happens in the seminal glands?
Duct of seminal gland joins the duct of the ductus deference to form ejaculatory duct
133
When does the seminal glands release its contents?
Only during the process us of ejaculation under stimulation of autonomic sympathetic
134
Superior end of the seminal glands are covered with?
Peritoneum (rectovesicle pouch)
135
What is the inferior to the seminal glands?
Inferior part is related to rectum
136
Where is the seminal vesicle located?
It is located in the posterior surface of the bladder and anterior aspect aspect of rectum
137
What is important that seminal vesicle opens up into the peritoneal cavity particularly the rectovesicle pouch?
The importance in that, if there is pus in the seminal vesicle it can open to the peritoneum cavity by buldging and rupturing into the leading to infections in the peritoneal cavity
138
Are slender tubes that arise by union of ductus deference’s and duct of seminal vesicle
Ejaculatory duct
139
Where is the ejaculatory duct?
It is about 2.5cm in length, arise near the neck of the bladder, and run close together as they pass anterioinferioly through the posterior part of the prostate gland
140
Where the ejaculatory duct?
Open into prostatic part of the urethra on the seminal colliculus
141
From the artery of the ductus deferens?
From the superior/ inferior vesicle artery
142
With what the ductus deference anastomoses?
Anastomoses with testicular artery posterior testis
143
Where the ductus deferens vein drain?
Testicular vein
144
Where the terminal portion of the veins drain of the ductus deferns ?
Veins from terminal portion drain into vesicular/ prostatic plexus of veins
145
What is the artery of the seminal glands or seminal vesicles?
Inferior vesicle artery
| Middle rectal
146
What are the veins of the seminal glands?
Accompany the arteries
147
What are the arteries of the ejaculatory Duct?
Artery to the ductus deferns (branch of superior vesicle)
148
What is the venous of ejaculatory duct?
Join prostatic vein
| Vesicle plexus of veins
149
Superior and inferior vesicle artery from where?
Branches of the internal iliac artery
150
What do the superior / inferior vesicle artery supply?
They supply all these pelvic organs like the ampulla, seminal vesicles, and prostate
151
It is a structure approximately 3cm long, 4 cm wide, 2 cm anteriorposterior depth
Surrounds the prostatic urethra
Prostate gland
152
What is the composition of prostate gland?
2/3 glandular
| 1/3 fibromuscular
153
Is dense and neurovascular, incorporating prostatic plexus of veins and nerves?
Fibrous capsule of prostate
154
Is a structure located in the lower part of the pelvic cavity bellow the neck of the urinary bladder and above the pelvic diaphragm and external urethral sphincter.
It surround the prostatic urethra
Glandular 2/3
Fibromuscular 1/3 particularly the anterior (isthmus part of the gland )
Prostate gland
155
How many capsules the prostate has?
The prostate has two capsule true and false
156
From where the false capsule and from where the true capsule?
The false capsule —> pelvic fascia
| True capsule —> from the condensation of the the gland itself
157
What is located between the true and false capsule?
Venous plexus
158
When the dr remove the prostate what will he keep?
When the dr remove the prostate he will keep the true capsule ‘ false capsule venous plexus so the urine pass there
159
Where is the base the prostate gland?
Related to the neck of the bladder
160
Where the apex of the prostate gland located?
In contract with fascia on the superior aspect of the external urethral sphincter and deep perineal muscles
161
What is the anteriorinferior surfer ever of the prostate?
Related to pubic symphysis (retroperitoneal fat and retro pubic space)
162
What is prostate of the gland?
Related to ampulla of the rectum
163
What is inferiorlateral surface of prostate gland?
Lavator ani muscle
164
What will affect the urine passing which part of the prostate hypertrophy?
Medial lobe
165
What is the characteristic of the isthmus?
Isthmus part is mainly fibromuscular, there is no glandular tissue
166
Where the whole of the glandular tissue of the prostate located?
It is present in the posterior lateral part of the gland
167
How can we divide the prostate gland?
We can divide the prostate into glands and lobules
168
What are the lobules of the prostate gland?
Inferiorposterior lobule
Inferiorlateral lobule
Superior medial lobule
Anteriormedial lobule
169
To where the middle (median) lobe projects?
Median lobe projects into the urinalysis bladder as uvula
170
What are the zones of the prostate gland?
Prostate gland can be divided into peripheral and central zones
171
Where the prostatic ducts?
20-30 ducts open into prostatic sinuses on either side of seminal colliculus
172
What is the fluid of the prostate?
Prostatic fluid —> thin, milky fluid, provides approximately 20% of the volume of semen
173
What is the function of the prostatic fluid?
Plays a role in activating the sperms
174
What is the blood vessels of the prostate?
Prostatic arteries
175
What is the prostatic arteries arise from?
Inferior vesicle artery
176
What is the venous drainage of the prostate?
Join prostatic and vesicle plexus of veins
177
What I can u feel in the rectal examination?
Seminal vesicle and prostate
178
How can we differentiate between the prostate and seminal vesicle?
Prostate —> hard and low
| Seminal vesicle —> is soft and above the prostate gland
179
Is a structure that lies posteriolateral to intermediate apart of urethra?
Bulburethtal gland
180
What is another name for the bulbourethral gland?
Cowper glands
181
Where is the bulburethral gland located?
Embedded within the external urethral sphincter
182
Where the ducts of the gland of the bulbourethral gland?
Ducts of the gland pass through the perineal membrane, and open to proximal part of the spongy urethra in bulb of the penis
183
What is the function of the bulbourethral gland?
Mucous like secretion enters urethra during sexual arousal
184
Where the bulburethral gland located?
Present within the external urethral sphincter or in the deep perineal pouch
185
What is the function of the sympathetic innervation of the male internal genital organs?
During orgasm- Sympathetic stimulates contraction of internal urethral sphincter to prevent retrograde ejaculation
- simulataneously it stimulates peristaltic- like contractions of the ductus deferns, contraction and secretion from seminal glands, prostate that provide vehicle and force to discharge sperms during ejaculation
- the function of the sympathetic is a vasomotor and acts on the musculature
186
Is there parasympathetic function?
Function of parasympathetic system is unclear
187
What is the sympathetic innervation
```
T12-L2
Course —>
Paravertral ganglia
Lumbar splanchnic nerves
Hypogastric plexus
Pelvic plexus
```
188
What is the parasympathetic of the prostate gland?
S2-3
Course —>
pelvic splanchnic nerve
Inferior hypogastric plexuses
