Malignant Diseases Flashcards
(36 cards)
Social importance of malignant diseases
Wide currency Increasing frequency of cases Social consequences e.g. 1. Can’t work 2. Early disability 3. Early death
What are the requirements(demands) of rx in oncology
1)Programs for early detection and prophylaxis
2) Availability of resources e.g.
- high tech equip
- modern surgical and radio surgical procedures
- expensive drugs
- ability to provide complex health care
Types of malignancy
Neoplasms(solid tumors)
- carcinoma’s (200+)
- sarcoma
Haematological
- leukaemia
- lymphoma
What is the incidence
Total number of NEW in w given diseases in a population during a DEFINED TIME INTERVAL
( /year /month etc)
What is the incidence rate
Incidence within a given number of the population
Incidence per 100 ppl
What is the mortality
Total number of disease related deaths in a set time interval
(Deaths caused by cancer every year)
Mortality rate ?
Mortality in a specific number of the population
Cancer related deaths per year
What is RISK
Likelihood of an event occurring in a set time
Incidence risk= risk of getting a certain tumor
Mortality risk= risk of dying of a disease
Which statistic parameters should you know
Incidence
Incidence rate
Mortality
Mortality rate
Risk
what cancer has he highest mortality rate
1) Lung cancer
2) bowel cancer
3) breast/ prostate cancer
4 basic Cancer control steps (can be applied by every country)
Prevention
Early detection and screening
Early diagnosis
Access to rx and palliative care
Define oncogenesis
formation of a cancer, where normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.
The process is characterized by changes at the cellular, genetic, and epigenetic levels and abnormal cell division.
What is a carcinogen
Any substance that promotes the formation of cancer
Types of mutations in oncogenesis
Point mutations/ cytogenetic aberration
- translocation/ inversion/ deletion
- changes the activity of regulatory genes e.g. p53/ pRB!!
Hereditary/ germline mutations
- found in every cell in the body including reproductive cells
- passes onto subsequent generations
- BRACA1 BRACA2= breast & ovarian cancer
- 5-20%
Spontaneous/ somatic mutations
-most common type
5 Key biological characteristics of malignant cells
1) Unlimited proliferation (IMMORTAL)
2) AUTONOMOUS GROUTH as they lack anti proliferation feedback mechanisms
3) NO APOPTOSIS
4) NEOVASCULARISATION
5) INVASIVE/METASTATIC
Explain unlimited proliferation in cancer cells
Normal cells: require extra cellular growth signals that enter via TRANSMEMBRANE receptors
Tumor cells:
Generate their own growth signals
Altered structure Of transmembrane(TYPICAL IN ONCOGENESIS) receptors preventing their regulation
- e.g
Epidermal GF receptor w/ tyrosine kinase is over expressed in stomach, brain, breast cancer
Explain autonomous growth and loss of anti proliferative fb
Cell cycle is dysreg! D/2 immunity from inhibitory substances in the storma or inhibitory signals
Immune to controls that prevent proliferation of cells w/ damaged dna
What is the cyclin dependant kinase family
A kinase family that promotes the transit through phases of the cell cycle
Requires cycling protein for activity
Explain the loss of apoptosis induction in cancer cells
The apoptosis programme is in all cells
Tumor cells develop resistance to apoptosis by either
- Loss of p53 tumor suppressor gene
- loss of apoptosis
- loss of cell cycle arrest - Mutation of an oncogene
- accelerated tumor growth
- active inhibition of apoptosis by inhib p53
- enhanced resistance to chemo
Explain replicative immortality in tumor cells
Telomeres are protective structures at the end of eukaryotic chromosomes
Telomeres are lost/ shortened during cell division
Telomerase maintains the structural integrity of telomeres but is suppressed in humans leading to replocarive senescence( growth of old cells)
Tumors have increased telomerase expression which maintains length of telomeres in cancer cells and ensure repeated division of tumor cells
Explain neovascularization in cancer cells
Tumor releases vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
VEGF stimulates endothelial cells to produce matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)
MMP break down the ecm allowing endothelial cells to migrate into that space
Rx of malignancies
Interdisciplinary approach if
Surgery
Drug therapy( immunno, target, chemo)
Radiotherapy
Experimental methods w/ gene therapy
Integrative medicine w/ close or-doc relationship
Surgical rx of MG
Surgical biopsies for dg & staging
Surgical tumor removal
Surgical removal of non essential organs for prevention
What is HIFU
High Intensity Focused Ultrasound surgery
Focus of US waves to ablate target Rosie and protect surrounding tissues
