Malnutrition

Question 1

Caused by a decrease in calorie intake

Answer 1

Marasmus

Question 2

Caused by a decrease in calorie intake

Answer 2

Marasmus

Question 3

Alert kid with muscle wasting, loss of sub-Q fat, and normal serum albumin levels

Answer 3

Marasmus

Question 4

Caused by a decrease in protein intake

Answer 4

Kwashiorkor

Question 5

Extremely apathetic child who has a protuberant abdomen, sparing of the subcutaneous fat, edema, and a fatty liver

Answer 5

Kwashiorkor

Question 6

Malnutrition complicating advanced disease. Will see extreme weight loss, fatigue, muscle wasting, and anemia

Answer 6

Cachexia

Question 7

Self-imposed starvation

Answer 7

Anorexia Nervosa
This can cause endocrine abnormalities such as amenorrhea and changes of hypothyroidism. Decreased bone density, anemia, and hypokalemia

Question 8

Alert kid with muscle wasting, loss of sub-Q fat, and normal serum albumin levels

Answer 8

Marasmus

Question 9

Caused by a decrease in protein intake

Answer 9

Kwashiorkor

Question 10

Extremely apathetic child who has a protuberant abdomen, sparing of the subcutaneous fat, edema, and a fatty liver

Answer 10

Kwashiorkor

Question 11

Malnutrition complicating advanced disease. Will see extreme weight loss, fatigue, muscle wasting, and anemia

Answer 11

Cachexia

Question 12

What BMI is considered to be malnutrition?

Question 13

Self-imposed starvation

Answer 13

Anorexia Nervosa
This can cause endocrine abnormalities such as amenorrhea and changes of hypothyroidism. Decreased bone density, anemia, and hypokalemia

Question 14

Binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors

Answer 14

Bulimia.

The vomiting will often put these patients into a Metabolic Alkalosis.

Question 15

Found in leafy green vegetables

Answer 15

Vitamin A

Question 16

A patient comes in with a headache, vomiting, stupor, and papilledema. These symptoms suggest what?

Answer 16

Acute Vitaminosis A

Excess of Vitamin A

Question 17

Deficiency in this vitamin causes dry eyes (exerophthalmia)

Answer 17

Vitamin A

Question 18

Deficiency in this vitamin causes squamous metaplasia of epithelium

Answer 18

Vitamin A

Question 19

Deficiency in this vitamin causes immune deficiency

Answer 19

Vitamin A

Question 20

When you look in the eye and you see white patchy stuff in it (Bitot’s spots) you suspect a deficiency in this vitamin

Answer 20

Vitamin A

Question 21

A derivative of this vitamin is one of the main components of Acutane (isotretinoin)

Answer 21

Vitamin A

Remember that Acutane cannot be given to pregnant women, or women who may become pregnant.

Question 22

A patient comes in with a headache, vomiting, stupor, and papilledema. These symptoms suggest what?

Answer 22

Acute Vitaminosis A

Excess of Vitamin A

Question 23

Rickets is a deficiency in…

Answer 23

Vitamin D in children

Question 24

What is the active form of vitamin K?

Answer 24

K1
K2 is the inactive form. Vitamin K is also needed for the gamma-carboxylation of glutamate residues. Vitamin K is not in breast milk, so it must be given as an injection at birth.

Question 25

What can an excess of Vitamin D lead to?

Answer 25

Hypercalcemia, renal stones, and ectopic calcification

Question 26

This vitamin is an antioxidant that protects erythrocytes from free radical damage

Answer 26

Vitamin E

Question 27

Wet Beri-Beri

Answer 27

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine). Dilated cardiomyopathy and edema

Question 28

This vitamin is a co-factor for clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X and proteins C and S

Answer 28

Vitamin K

Question 29

This vitamin is antagonized by Warfarin

Answer 29

Vitamin K

Question 30

What is the active form of vitamin K?

Answer 30

K1 | K2 is the inactive form. Vitamin K is also needed for the gamma-carboxylation of glutamate residues.

Question 31

Chronic alcoholic presents with opthalmoplegia, confusion, and ataxia. What vitamin is he deficient in?

Answer 31

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine). This is Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome.

Question 32

Dry Beri-Beri

Answer 32

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine). Presents as polyneuritis with symmetrical muscle wasting.

Question 33

Wet Beri-Beri

Answer 33

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine). Dilated cardiomyopathy and edema

Question 34

FAD and FMN are derived from...

Answer 34

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

Question 35

Deficiency in Vitamin B2 can lead to...

Answer 35

Cheilosis (scaling at the corners of the mouth) and Corneal vascularization

Question 36

Patient presents with dementia, dermatitis (glove distribution of a red, scaly appearance on sun exposed areas), and diarrhea

Answer 36

``` Vitamin B3 (niacin). This disease is known as Pellagra. ```

Question 37

Corn only diet will cause this deficiency

Answer 37

Pellagra

Question 38

What is vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) used for?

Answer 38

Cofactor in protein synthesis

Question 39

This vitamin deficiency can be secondary to drugs, alcohols, or pregnancy

Answer 39

Vitamin B6

Question 40

This vitamin is absorbed in the terminal ileum attached to intrinsic factor

Answer 40

Vitamin B12 | Vitamin B12 is also a cofactor in odd chain fatty acid metabolism and DNA synthesis

Question 41

Lack of Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) causes what?

Answer 41

Pernicious anemia and degeneration of the posterolateral spinal cord tracts (Subaute Combined Degeneration)

Question 42

This vitamin is required for normal folate metabolism and DNA synthesis

Answer 42

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

Question 43

A deficiency in which vitamin is seen in vegans, and those infected with the fish tapeworm Diphyllobothrium latum?

Answer 43

``` Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Diphyllobothrium latum eats 80% of the body's vitamin B12 ```

Question 44

This vitamin is converted to tetrahydrofolate (THF), a coenzyme for 1-carbon transfers. It is important for synthesis of nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA.

Answer 44

Vitamin B9 (folic acid)

Question 45

A deficiency in this vitamin causes Megaloblastic anemia and Neural Tube Defects

Answer 45

Vitamin B9 (folic acid)

Question 46

Folate antagonists include:

Answer 46

``` Chemotherapeutic agents (phenytoin, sulfonamides, methotrexate) Oral contraceptives Anticonvulsants Ethanol Cigarette Smoking ```

Question 47

Patient presents with petechial hemorrhage of the skin, subperiosteal hematomas, bleeding into the joint space, swollen bleeding gums and tooth loss. What vitamin is deficient?

Answer 47

``` Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) The disease described is Scurvy. ```

Question 48

Functions of Vitamin C

Answer 48

Antioxidant. Facilitates iron absorption by reducing it to Fe+2 state. Necessary for hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collage synthesis.

Question 49

Lab findings of peripheral blood smear: Large red cells with an MCV > 100 and hypersegmented neutrophils

Answer 49

Megaloblastic anemia due to a folate deficiency (Vitamin B9)

Question 50

A deficiency in iron will lead to...

Answer 50

Hypochromic microcytic anemia

Question 51

A deficiency in zinc is found in...

Answer 51

Children who eat clay (clay binds zinc)

Question 52

A deficiency in zinc causes:

Answer 52

``` Acrodermatitis enteropathica (rash around the eyes, mouth, nose, and anus) Growth retardation, impaired wound healing, anorexia, impaired night vision, depressed mental function, and congenital malformations ```

Question 53

This trace element is a component of glutathione peroxidase and an antioxidant with vitamin E

Answer 53

Selenium

Question 54

A deficiency in selenium causes...

Answer 54

``` Myopathy..."White Muscle Disease" Keshan Disease (congestive cardiomyopathy) ```

Question 55

A deficiency of iodine would lead to...

Answer 55

Goiter, Hypothyroidism, and Cretinism

Question 56

A deficiency in this trace element would result in muscle weakness, neurologic defects, and abnormal collagen cross-linking

Answer 56

Copper

Question 57

Metabolic Syndrome

Answer 57

I) Increased adiposity II) Glucose intolerance III) Hypertension IV) Dyslipidemia

Question 58

Normal BMI

Answer 58

18.5-25

Question 59

Malnutrition BMI

Question 60

Overweight BMI

Answer 60

25-30

Question 61

Obese BMI

Answer 61

>30