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mammal diversity > Mammal diversity Final > Flashcards

Mammal diversity Final Flashcards

1
Q

Gill arches

A

Gill arches originated in fish and are significant because they evolved from part of the jaw bone into the complex bones and structures in the modern mammalian ear. The part of the jaw that was once the gill arches broke off and divided into the malleus, cochlea, stipes, and incus that makes up modern ears.

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2
Q

Paedogenesis

A

paedogenesis, also spelled Pedogenesis, is a reproduction by sexually mature larvae, usually without fertilization. The young may be eggs, such as are produced by Miastor, a genus of gall midge flies, or other larval forms, as in the case of some flukes.

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3
Q

Cope’s rule

A

The trend towards increasing body size of members of a lineage over its evolutionary development.

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4
Q

Vertebrate timeline

A

amphibians: 370mya
reptile: 300mya
mammals: 220-240mya
dinosaurs: 220mya
birds: 150mya

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5
Q

homeothermy vs. poikilothermy

A

homeotherm: An animal that maintains a constant internal body temperature, usually within a narrow range of temperatures. poikilotherm: An animal that varies its internal body temperature within a wide range of temperatures, usually as a result of variation in the environmental temperature.

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6
Q

ecological shifts in mammalian selection pressures

A
  • enhanced vision in dim light
  • tactile
  • smell/olfactory
  • electro-receptors
  • adapt to somewhat cooler temperatures at night
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7
Q

homodont vs. heterodont

A

Homodont - Teeth are all about the same shape (most vertebrates, few mammals).
Heterodont - Teeth have different forms and functions in different parts of the tooth row

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8
Q

diphyodont

A

A diphyodont is any animal with two successive sets of teeth, initially the deciduous set and consecutively the permanent set. Most mammals are diphyodonts

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9
Q

endothermic furnace

A

A 10-fold increase in metabolism, cellular mitochondria, specialized enzymes, advanced circulatory system, biconcave/eneuclate/elastic RBCs, countercurrent systems, advanced respiratory system (diaphragm and lung separation), and secondary palate allowed for eating and breathing simultaneously.

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10
Q

jawless fish

A
  • round mouths
  • full set of gill arches
  • forward-most gill arches evolved into early jaws and pieces of the early jaw bone evolved into the bones of the ears in mammals.
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11
Q

mammal infraorders

A

marsupials, placentals, and monotremes.

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12
Q

Cretaceous extinction (66mya)

A

killed half of the world’s species, and many mammals, birds, and small reptiles survived. all dinosaurs and large reptiles perished.

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13
Q

Eocene (55mya)

A

global warming trends, Mid-Eocene sauna, increased tectonic activity near Greenland and Norway, tropical and subtropical forests spread towards the poles, increase diversity in land vertebrates, peak amphibian and reptile diversity 50mya, mammals diversity and increase in body size, by 55mya ago all 29 extant orders of mammals had evolved into existence.

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14
Q

late Eocene >34mya

A

Oligocene transition, the climate cools, the evolution of flowering plants, forests contract, and mammals adapt to eating seeds, fruit, nuts, and different habitats.

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15
Q

mammalian traits

A
  • energetic
  • thermoregulators
  • high metabolic rate
  • scales modified into fur
  • highly divided lungs
  • 4-chambered hearts
  • sweat glands
  • diaphragm
  • RBCs: enucleate, discoid, flexible
  • secondary palate
  • heterodont and diphyodont
  • zygomatic arches
  • paired occipital condyles
  • cervical and lumbar ribs lost
  • fused pelvic bones
  • quadrupedal
  • long bones with epiphysis (growth plates) -> determinate growth
  • increased sensory ability
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16
Q

American pronghorn

A

pronghorn-type horns, utilize group vigilance, and can run 100km/hour, they used to run from cheetahs, lions, pumas, bears, wild dogs, etc. but humans killed all of them.

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17
Q

Extinction

A
  • end Permian: 245mya
  • end cretaceous: 65mya (dinosaurs dead)
  • late Pleistocene: 2.6-12,000 years ago (megafaunal mass extinction)
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18
Q

Drivers of glaciation

A
  • eccentricity (oval)
  • obliquity (angle)
  • precession (orientation and tilt)
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19
Q

Permian extinction

A
  • 252mya
  • extinction of 90% of all species
    ~95% of marine life
    ~75% of terrestrial life
  • Permian extinction happened over the course of 100,000 years
  • formation of Pangea caused increased instability
  • increased volcanic activity: more methane and co2 caused climate change, loss of the ozone layer, and fires
  • oceans mixing of deep anoxic, acidic, and sulfuric waters to the surface
  • Pangea decreased coastline and caused the sea level to rise 100 meters, destroying shallow marine habitats.
  • connection of terrestrial habitats caused mixing of biotas
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20
Q

evolutionary themes

A
  • increased complexity of life forms
  • increase the diversity of life and the total number of species
  • increase the size and the range of sizes
  • diversification and isolation
  • chemical reactions, life in aqueous soup
  • increase homeostasis – independence from external environment
  • extinctions
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21
Q

causes of megafaunal extinction

A
  • many plants died during the first cooling cycles
  • megafaunal persistence until the later cycle of cooling.
  • most extinction occurred in the largest species
  • the extinction didn’t follow the same timeline so it wasn’t caused by climate.
  • extinctions were the most prevalent where species were the most ecologically naive towards humans
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22
Q

Cenozoic era

A
  • 66mya years - long enough for substantial drift in continents
  • change in global and regional climates
  • major changes in sea level and regional climates
  • evolution and diversification of angiosperms
    ~flowering angiosperms originated 120mya but did not diversify until the Cenozoic.
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23
Q

End-Cretaceous climate

A
  • warm
  • isolated continents
  • North and South waters mixing
  • little latitudinal variation in temperatures
  • the Americas has frequent contact with the other continents leading to more biota mixing
  • mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous: loss of 1/2 of the Earth’s species, all dinosaurs, and large reptiles.
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24
Q

Early birds

A
  • bipedal, cursorial, diurnal, and insectivorous
  • most likely evolved from tetrapods
  • dinosaur ancestry; various carnivorous dinosaurs from the Triassic
  • scales modified into feathers
  • early birds were sprinters
  • increased aerobic capacity and stamina for prolonged running
  • increased aerobic capacity eventually led to powered flight
25
Q

ecological release

A

Ecological release refers to a population increase or population explosion that occurs when a species is freed from limiting factors in its environment.

26
Q

mammal skeletal adaptations

A
  • skull and modifications
  • modification of teeth
  • homodont teeth to heterodont teeth
  • diphyodonty
27
Q

mammal reproduction

A
  • viviparous young (except for the monotremes)
  • monotremes - amniotic embryo
  • altricial young, substantial parental investment
  • iteroparous (reproduce many times) except for semelparous(reproduce once marsupial mice
28
Q

mammal taxonomy

A
  • phylum Chordata
    • subphylum Vertebrata
      • class mammalia
29
Q

Chiropterans

A
  • 2nd most diverse order of mammals
  • 1444 species, 1/5 of all mammals
  • very diverse - insectivores, carnivores, piscivores, frugivores, nectarivourous.
  • broadly distributed - all continents instead of Antarctica
  • New Zealand’s only endemic mammal
30
Q

Diversity at high altitudes

A
  • some lagomorphs (pikas)
  • some rodents (7 species of chinchillas)
  • Artiodactyla (vicuna, guanaco)
  • primates
  • adaptations for lower pressure, colder, pressure of gases decreased
31
Q

stressors associated with diving

A
  • thermoregulation
  • pressure
  • lack of O2
  • need to be streamlined
  • buoyancy
  • gases under pressure - nitrogen narcosis
32
Q

riparian corridor

A

A riparian corridor is a unique plant community consisting of the vegetation growing near a river, stream, lake, lagoon or other natural body of water.

33
Q

stressors for the fossorial environment

A
  • temperature relatively warm and stable
  • higher moisture
  • low O2
    -high CO2
34
Q

mammalian adaptations for winter

A
  • increased insulation
  • raise metabolism
  • increase size
  • torpor/hibernation
35
Q

True hibernation

A
  • period of dormancy
  • last for weeks or months
  • requires lowering of a thermostatic set point in the hypothalamus. cool but not frozen.
36
Q

Kidneys

A
  • 1/5 of the blood from the heart goes to the kidneys
  • processes blood back to the heart
  • urine
  • ADH is the chemical that regulates water reabsorption. diuretics suppress this chemical
  • desert species have evolved kidneys that waste far less water
37
Q

characteristics of islands

A
  • isolated, foreign, exotic
  • distinct from one another
  • tractable
  • numerous and diverse
  • simple (smaller less abiotic diversity)
38
Q

island stressors

A
  • isolated
  • limited area
  • limited diversity
  • maritime climate
  • aquatic resources
39
Q

island syndrome

A

Organisms on islands predictably differ from their continental counterparts in a host of ecological, behavioral, and morphological traits.

40
Q

island rule

A

the convergence of patterns - gigantism to dwarfism. larger things get smaller and small things to get bigger. convergence at a median size

41
Q

megachiropterans

A
  • fruit bats and flying foxes
  • 1 family; pteropodidae
  • large eyes
  • between 13g and 1.6kg
42
Q

microchiropterns

A
  • 17 families, 1200 species
  • 2-200 grams
  • broadly distributed
  • tragus and other projections on the ears and nose are well-developed
    insectivores, piscivores, frugivores, and nectivores
43
Q

bat adaptive morphology

A
  • mass concentrated towards the center of gravity
  • stabilized axial skeleton - anchor wings and wing muscles
  • thicker fused cervical and thoracic vertebrae
  • elongated metacarpals and phalanges
  • elongated and keeled sternum
  • uropatagium
  • thinner and longer bones
  • calcar bone
  • shortened humerus and ulna
44
Q

aeroecology

A

Aeroecology is the discipline of studying how airborne life forms utilize and interact with other biotic and abiotic components of the atmosphere utilizing ultrasound, radar, and infrared.

45
Q

biodiversity

A

variation among organisms and biological processes from local and genetic levels, to those of communities, ecosystems, and biotas.

46
Q

diversity of communities

A

the simplest measure is the number of species - species richness.

47
Q

Hematocrit

A

Hematocrit is the percentage by volume of red cells in your blood. Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, suspended in plasma. Together, they comprise about 45% of the volume of our blood

48
Q

adaptations for high altitudes

A
  • increased ventilation
  • increased tidal volume (amount of air per breath)
  • increased cardiac output
  • increased RBC by decreasing water in plasma and dumping RBCs from the spleen
  • Bohr effect: unload more oxygen by increasing the temperature and the acidity
49
Q

mammalian adaptations to extremely hot temperatures

A
  • reduce metabolic rate
  • increase conductance
  • find a cooler area (Ta)
  • evaporative cooling
  • aestivation: days or weeks in a cool burrow
  • adapted kidneys for water retention
  • preferential cooling of vital organs and the brain
50
Q

adaptations to extremely cold temperatures

A
  • increase metabolic rate
  • increase insolation
  • find a warmer environment (Ta)
  • increase brown fat
  • increase size
51
Q

Endemicity

A

percent or proportion of species in a region that are endemic to the region

52
Q

Tropics

A
  • higher levels of diversity
  • more solar radiation
  • less seasonal variation
  • higher growth rate and shorter generation time
  • more precipitation
  • higher mutation rate
  • multi-layer canopy
53
Q

keystone species

A

A keystone species is an organism that helps define an entire ecosystem. Without its keystone species, the ecosystem would be dramatically different or cease to exist altogether.

54
Q

ecosystem engineers

A

Ecosystem engineers are organisms that directly or indirectly modulate the availability of resources to other species, by causing physical state changes in biotic or abiotic materials.

55
Q

Bergmann’s rule

A

Bergmann’s rule states that organisms at higher latitudes should be larger and thicker than those closer to the equator to better conserve heat

56
Q

allen’s rule

A

Allen’s rule is an ecogeographical rule formulated by Joel Asaph Allen in 1877, broadly stating that animals adapted to cold climates have thicker and shorter limbs and bodily appendages than animals adapted to warm climates

57
Q

Gloger’s rule

A

Gloger’s rule is an ecogeographical rule which states that within a species of endotherms, more heavily pigmented forms tend to be found in more humid environments, e.g. near the equator

58
Q

dynamic biogeography of humanity

A
  • h. sapiens tried to leave Africa 120,000 years ago but failed
  • h. sapiens successfully left Africa 90,000 years ago through Ethiopia and Yemen
  • h. sapiens spread across Asia, Europe, and the Americas over the next several thousand years
    h. erectus left Africa first and colonized Asia, the Middle East, and southern Europe
59
Q

hemoglobin vs myoglobin

A

Hemoglobin is found in the blood and transports oxygen throughout the body and myoglobin is found in the muscle tissue and acts as a reserve of O2 in the body. myoglobin has a higher affinity for O2 so that hemoglobin can deposit into the muscle tissues easily

mammal diversity (2 decks)

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