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Onco Board Review 2 > Mammary/Repro > Flashcards

Mammary/Repro Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

What immune cells were found to be higher in malignant mammary tumors vs. benign? (Seung Vet Path 2018)

A

CD204+ macrophages

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2
Q

What is the risk of mammary gland tumors in dogs spayed before their first heat?

A

0.5%

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3
Q

List 4 risk factors for canine mammary tumor development.

A
  1. age
  2. hormonal exposure
  3. breed
  4. body weight/obesity during puberty
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4
Q

BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations were found to be associated with an increased risk for mammary tumors in which breed?

A

English springer spaniels

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5
Q

T/F: Hormone receptor expression is directly correlated to tumor grade.

A

False, inversely correlated.

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6
Q

What % of intact females have more than one mammary tumor at diagnosis?

A

70%

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7
Q

Describe the staging scheme for mammary tumors.

A 
Stage I: T1 <3cm
Stage 2: T2 3-5cm
Stage 3: T3 >5cm
Stage 4: N1
Stage 5: M1
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8
Q

What is the difference between simple and complex mammary carcinoma?

A 
simple = one cell type
complex = luminal + myoepithelial
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9
Q

What 3 parameters are used to grade canine and feline mammary tumors?

A

tubule formation, nuclear pleomorphism, mitoses

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10
Q

What is the most common mesenchymal tumor of the canine mammary gland?

A

OSA

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11
Q

What % of dogs undergoing lumpectomy for a malignant mammry tumor develop another tumor?

A

70%

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12
Q

What is the major side effect of tamoxifen in dogs?

A

proestrogenic signs

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13
Q

What is the treatment of choice for inflammatory mammary carcinoma?

A

NSAIDs - prolongs survival

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14
Q

What is the % risk for developing mammary tumors in a cat spayed before 6 months of age?

A

<6 mo = 96% reduction
6-12 mo = 86% reduction
12-24 mo = 11% reduction

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15
Q

What % of cats have more than one mammary tumor at diagnosis?

A

60%

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16
Q

Describe the staging scheme for feline mammary tumors.

A

Stage 1: <2cm T1
Stage 2: 2-3cm T2
Stage 3: >3cm T3 OR N1
Stage 4: M1

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17
Q

Name 2 independent prognostic factors for feline mammary tumors.

A

Tumor size, node status

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18
Q

What is the prognosis for cats with mammary tumors < 3 cm that are treated with adequate surgery?

A

> 3 yrs

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19
Q

What is the prognosis for cats with mammary tumors > 3cm that are treated with adequate surgery?

A

6 mo

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20
Q

What is the reported RR for feline mammary carcinomas treated with DOX and Cytoxan?

A

40-50%

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21
Q

For dogs, there is no risk reduction if spayed after ___ heat cycle.

A

2nd

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22
Q

T/F: pseudopregnancy, pregnancy, and parity reduce the risk of mammary cancer in dogs.

A

False

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23
Q

Does ALP have prognostic significance in canine mammary carcinoma?

A

No

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24
Q

Is there a difference between simple vs. chain mastectomy in dogs with naive mammary tumors?

A

No

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25
Is surgery recommended for inflammatory mammary carcinoma? Why/why not?
Often not - diffuse microscopic cutaneous disease, high metastatic rate, local tissue coagulopathy
26
Does 5-FU + Cytoxan provide survival benefit over surgery alone?
Yes, evaluated in prospective trial. (Withrow)
27
What is the role for desmopressin in managing canine mammary carcinoma?
prospective study - improved survival for dogs with grade 2-3 mammary carcinoma improved hemostasis with surgery (prevent cancer cells from gaining access to blood vessels) - there's also a study to suggest in vitro antiproliferative activity (with oxytocin)
28
What is the increased risk for developing mammary carcinoma in an intact cat?
7x increased risk
29
How does progesterone influence mammary carcinoma?
acts on mammary gland to increase production of GH --> GH directly stimulates mammary tissues and increases IGF-1 --> IGF-1 is a proliferative and survival factor for breast epithelial cells
30
What % of feline mammary tumors are malignant?
85-95%
31
What is the prognosis for cats with mammary carcinoma and LN metastasis?
All died within 9 months of diagnosis
32
What is the prognosis for feline mammary carcinoma based on tumor size?
<2 cm - MST > 3 yrs 2-3 cm - MST 2 yrs > 3 cm - MST 6 months
33
What is the surgery recommendation for a cat with a single mammary tumor?
unilateral chain mastectomy
34
What was the MST for unilateral chain mastectomy alone vs. sx + DOX? What was % local recurrence or metastasis: (McNeill JVIM 2009)
Sx alone: 1.2 yrs Sx + DOX: 5.5 yrs 50% local recurrence or metastasis
35
Why shouldn't you use blue dyes to LN map in cats?
Can cause Heinz body anemia and methemoglobinemia
36
Which canine testicular tumors are KIT positive?
Leydig cell tumors and seminomas
37
What is the metastatic rate for canine testicular tumors?
<15%
38
What % of dogs with a testicular tumor have bilateral tumors?
50% (but only 12% are clinically detectable in contralateral testicle)
39
What is HGPIN?
high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (believed to be a precursor to human prostate carcinoma)
40
What is the most common ovarian tumor in a dog?
epithelial tumor (malignant more common than benign)
41
What is the most common ovarian tumor in a cat?
Sex cord stromal tumor | granulosa-theca most common
42
What % of canine ovarian ACA metastasize?
48%
43
What is a sensitive and specific marker for granulose-theca cell tumors?
Inhibin-alpha
44
T/F: Granulosa-theca cell tumors are generally functional.
True
45
What is the most common uterine tumor in a dog?
Leiomyoma
46
What hereditary syndrome involves the development of uterine leiomyomas?
Renal cyst adenoma and nodular dermatofibrosis - Lium 1985 Vet Path. Hereditary multifocal renal cystadenocarcinomas and nodular dermatofibrosis in the German shepherd dog - GSD (multiple uterine leiomyomas, bilateral renal cystadenomas, nodular dermatofibrosis) - Mutation in Birt-Hogg-Dube (BDH) gene
47
What is the most common feline uterine tumor?
adenocarcinoma
48
T/F: Leiomyoma is the most common vaginal tumor in both dogs and cats.
True
49
What is the local recurrence rate for dogs with vaginal leiomyomas treated with OHE?
0% | 15% recurrence without OHE
50
What is the risk of mammary gland tumors in dogs spayed before their first heat?
0.5%
51
Which is not a risk factor for canine mammary tumor development? 1. diet high in red meat 2. exposure to progestins 3. exposure to estrogens 4. body weight at puberty 5. parity
Parity
52
T/F: COX-2 expression has been found to be higher in feline endometrial adenocarcinoma compared to healthy endometrial tissue.
False | COX-2 was lower
53
T/F: Hormone receptor expression is inversely correlated to tumor grade for mammary tumors.
True.
54
What is the % risk reduction for developing mammary tumors in a cat spayed before 6 months of age?
91% | no risk reduction after 24 months
55
Which testicular tumor are more common in cryptorchid dogs?
Seminoma and Sertoli cell
56
T/F: It has been suggested that c/s of feminization due to SCT are best correlated to testosterone:estradiol ratio rather than absolute increases in estradiol.
True
57
What test had a sensitivity/specificity of 80%/98% to diagnose estrogen producing testicular tumors in dogs? (Dreamanis 2012)
Preputial cytology
58
During what time frame does spontaneous regression of TVT typically occur?
- usually within 3 months of implantation (can occur 3-6 months) - rarely occurs after 9 months
59
What is the reported incubation period for TVT?
usually 2-6 months from mating
60
What is the metastatic rate for TVT?
5-17%
61
What gene sequence is has been used with PCR as a diagnostic marker of TVT?
Long interspersed nuclear element (LINE-1) upstream of c-myc oncogene (not found in normal dog genomes)
62
What major cytokine is produced during the progressive phase of TVT?
Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF beta-1)
63
What major cytokine is produced during the regression phase of TVT?
IL-6 | produced by tumor infiltrating lymphocytes - a certain threshold of IL-6 has to be reached to trigger TVT into R phase
64
What is the RR of TVT to vincristine?
90-95% | single agent vinc once weekly for 3-6 treatments results in remission
65
What is the RR of TVT to RT?
100%
66
What is the recurrence rate for TVT treated with surgery alone?
30-75%
67
What is unique about feline mammary carcinoma compared to humans? (Cannon 2015)
triple negative phenotype more common - good research model FOSCC also good model for human cancer, and FISS might be a good model for inflammation driven cancer
68
What path features are prognostic factors for feline mammary carcinoma? (McNeill 2009)
- loss of estrogen receptor status | - increased expression of HER2/neu, AgNOR, PCNA, COX-2, and Ki67

Onco Board Review 2 (20 decks)

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