Managing expectations

Question 1

What effects can participant expectations cause?

Answer 1

people act the way they think you want them to behave

1. Placebo effect
2. Nocebo effect
3. Demand characteristics

Question 2

what is the Placebo effect?

Answer 2

Where patient psychological and physiological improvement based off of their expectations of an “inert” substance or treatment in context.

Where patients who were given the placebo and believed they got the treatment etc. preformed as well as people with treatment.

Question 3

What is the Nocebo effect?

Answer 3

when patients have adverse effects on patient performance (psychological and physiologically). due to warnings or suggestions made in experiment

Question 4

Demand characteristics

Answer 4

features of your experimental design allow participants to guess what your research question is...
1. Hawthorne Effect;
   you act differently when you 
   know that your behaviour is 
   being watched
2. The "good participant"  
     effect; desire to want to 
     please the experimenter 
     and do really well; thus they 
     try to find out the technique 
     and master it

Question 5

solution to effects caused by participants expectations (placebo, nocebo & DC-Hawthorne & DC-good participant).

Answer 5

1. Creating a well designed control condition which accounts for theses effects
2. Make sure participants are blind to which condition they are in
3. Make sure participants are blind to hypothesis
4. Obscuring what the purpose of your method, measures and scales are for
5. debrief to fin what they THOUGHT the RQ was

Question 6

Researcher expectation bias in what stages

Answer 6

During…

• data collection
• data coding
• data analysis

Question 7

Solutions to Researcher bias during data collection

Answer 7

1. ensure the researcher is blind to participants condition and what the hypothesis is
2. Standardised instructions across conditions
3. Automated data collection

Question 8

Researcher bias during data coding

Answer 8

Use computers to be coded through technology to remove human error, boredom, and decay.

Question 9

Solutions to Researcher bias during data coding

Answer 9

1. Blind coders (to participants condition, so it’s even across conditions)
2. Naive coders (Not told hypothesis till after coding- no motivation bias)
3. Multiple coders (compare coder biases)
4. Use a predetermined coding scheme

Question 10

Researcher coding during Analysis

Answer 10

1. The garden f forking paths, where experimenters decisions determine the results you found.
   i. e participant inclusion and exclusions.
2. Data transformation, making your data conform to a normal distribution.

Question 11

Solutions to researcher bias during analysis

Answer 11

1. Preregistration of analysis.
   you decide what is the best 
   way to analysis your data & 
   document it 
2. Transparent reporting of 
     results.
     Put data online for critique 
     on your analysis 
3. Good statistical training
    Understand statistics!

Question 12

Factorial designs have …

Answer 12

multiple variables and variable levels at the same time

Question 13

Advantages of factorial designs

Answer 13

\+ life is complicated we want to 
   see how variables interact
\+ To refine a theory
\+ To isolate a feature of interest
\+ To access change over time
\+ To increase internal validity

Question 14

Issues of Factorial designs

Answer 14

-

Question 15

What are defining features of factorial designs?

Answer 15

Factorial designs are described by the number of variables and the number of levels they each have i.e.
1. 2x2 factorial design (2V 
   & 2L)
2. 2x3 (2V, 1# 2L,  1# 3L)
3. 2X2X4 (3V, 2# 2L, 1# 4L)

Question 16

on average= main effects

Answer 16

500 700 =600
or
600 700= 650
e.g. overall there are main effects of emotion on response time that is Rt is faster to respond to anger faces than happy faces

Question 17

differences= main effects

Answer 17

differences conditions

550 700, main effect of anxiety (550) where they respond to faces faster than non anxious .

Question 18

interactions. between two main effects

Answer 18

focus on differences IN differences

Question 19

interactions

Answer 19

The less parallel the lines are, the more likely there is to be a significant
interaction.

Question 20

Main effects

Answer 20

Main effects. For the main effect of expectations, look to see whether the lines
are, in general, higher or lower than the one another

Question 21

There is a main effect of emotion such that anger faces are identified faster than happy faces.
There is a main effect of anxiety such as that responses are faster in the anxious group compared to the non-anxious group.

Answer 21

There is an interaction between anxiety an emotion such that participants in the anxious condition were faster to respond to angry than happy faces, BUT participants in the non-anxious condition showed no difference in there response time to angry and happy faces.

Question 22

Ceiling effect

Answer 22

a ceiling effect is the point at which an independent variable (which is the variable being manipulated) is no longer affecting the dependent variable (which is the variable being measured).