Managing individuals

Question 1

Difference between nature and nurture

Answer 1

nature: is human personality, cognition and behaviour pre programmed?
- nurture: is human behaviour/cognition form from society

Question 2

Define perception

Answer 2

the process of receiving and storing and using stimuli to make sense of the world

Question 3

What are schemas used for?

Answer 3

to organize and gather information that we experience in our social world

Question 4

List the types of schemas

Answer 4

• person schemas
• self-schemas
• social schemas
• script schemas
• role schemas

Question 5

what is a self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 5

a belief that comes true becasuse people act and believe like it will

Question 6

what is the halo/devil effect

Answer 6

assigning positive characteristics to a person formed in 1 situation in an entirely different situation

the devil effect is the same but with negative characteristics

Question 7

attribution errors

Answer 7

how people attribute cause to their’s and other’s errors.

Question 8

what is the fundamental attribution error

Answer 8

using internal attributions when explaining the cause of behavior to others
-ie using your own beliefs to defend others

Question 9

what is the self serving bias

Answer 9

success is due to internal causes but failure is due to external causes

Question 10

what is cognitive dissonance

Answer 10

discomfort caused by holding inconsistent and conflicting sets of cognition/thoughts

Question 11

what are the Schwartz value types

Answer 11

achievement: value personal success by demonstrating competence according to social standards
benevolence: preservation and enhancement of the life of others whom one is in frequent contact with
conformity: restraining yourself from actions that are likely going to upset others
hedonism: pleasure and sensuous gratification
power: ones social status and prestige
security: safety, harmony and stability of society and of oneself.

Question 12

Define tradition:

Answer 12

respect, commitment and acceptance of the customs and ideas that culture provides

Question 13

define universalism

Answer 13

understanding and appreciation for the welfare of others

Question 14

what is Socio-cognitive theory

Answer 14

• reciprocal determinism

- locus of control

Question 15

what are the components of freuds theory

Answer 15

-ID
ego
superego
defense mechanisms

Question 16

What are the big 5 personality factors

Answer 16

• emotional stablity
• extraversion
• openness
• agreableness
• conscientiousness

Question 17

name 4 aspects of freud’s approach

Answer 17

1. development is driven by biology
2. early experience engender adult personality
3. early social life is important
4. pleasure is sexual

Question 18

what does the humanist approach say?

Answer 18

• every human is unique and psychology should focus on subjective feelings
• we should focus on the individual, not the entire population since everyone has free will, their behavior is not done unconsiously
• people should be viewed from a holistic point of view
• people are essentially good and will be good if given positive regard at all times

Question 19

what is self-actualization

Answer 19

the ever lasting goal to realize your full potential

-basic needs are at the bottom, self-actualization is at the very top of hierachy of needs

Question 20

what is the positive psychology theory

Answer 20

the study of psychological bases for leading the best most positive lives through positive thinking and behvior

Question 21

what are emotions versus moods

Answer 21

feelings in response to en event or expectation. a mood lasts longer

Question 22

what are affective feelings

Answer 22

decisions made in the present based on feelings forecasted in the future.

Question 23

Explain CHOOSE method of happiness

Answer 23

C-Clarity
H-health
O-optimism
O-others
S-strengths
E-Enjoy the moment

Question 24

List the types of Groups

Answer 24

-Formal work groups: groups that are established by organizations to facilitate the achievement of organizational groups
-Informal Groups:
groups that emerge naturally in response to the common interest of organization members

Question 25

Name the 5 stages of group development

Answer 25

1. Forming 2. Storming 3. Norming 4. Performing 5. Adjourning

Question 26

Name 4 issues that arise in group settings:

Answer 26

- role conflict - role ambiguity - role overload (too much work is expected) - role underload (too little is expected)

Question 27

What 4 aspects do roles encompass?

Answer 27

1. Performance 2. Appearance 3. Social Arrangement 4. Allocation of resources

Question 28

Whats the difference between a Team and a Group?

Answer 28

Team: 2 or more people psychologically contracted together to achieve a common goal Group: No pyschological attachment. No interdependence.

Question 29

Group:

Answer 29

- output determined by individual contribution - focus on individual goal/accountability - individual commitment: only responsible for your own work - emphasis on harmony and avoidance of conflict

Question 30

Team:

Answer 30

focus on team goals - mutual accountability - common commitment - emphasis on questioning and probing

Question 31

4 types of teams:

Answer 31

Problem solving: Groups of 5-12 employees from the same department who meet to discuss ways of improving efficiency. Self Managed teams: groups of 10-15 who take on their own responsibilities of former managers Cross-fuctional teams: emplyees fromt he hierarchal level come together to acomplish a task.

Question 32

List the product development sequence

Answer 32

1. marketing 2. design magineering 3. product engineering 4. service organization 5. production

Question 33

What are the benefits of cross-functional teams:

Answer 33

reduce product development time reduce # of engineering changes reduce time to market improve product quality

Question 34

what are virtual teams

Answer 34

teams created with computers

Question 35

Describe the different roles of team members

Answer 35

Process managers: leaders Conceptual thinkers: source of new ideas Radicals: think outside the box Technicians: specialists of the subject at hand Harmonizers: ensure a good sense of accord Planners: drive for completion of team goals Facilitators Critical observers: look out for problems Politicians or power seekers: shape team views Salespeople: provide link between team and other team

Question 36

Belbin's team roles:

Answer 36

``` The plant: problem solver The resource investigator The coordinator The shaper The monitor The team worker The implementor The completer The specialist ```

Question 37

What is the role of delegating

Answer 37

to improve the managers overall efficiency by selectively distributing work for other employees

Question 38

what are the benefits of delegating

Answer 38

- to improve quality and quantity of work - more free time for manager to manage - become knowledgable about the emplyeers abilities - develop leadership capability in others - improve operating decision - facilitate teamwork - create opportunities for employees to gain recognition

Question 39

what is typically delegated

Answer 39

- problems that require study/exploitation - activities coming within the job scope - tasks fitting company needs - activities that save the manager some time

Question 40

What is NOT to be delegated

Answer 40

- planning - resolving personal conflicts - coaching and developing - review and correct performance - other peoples assignments

Question 41

what is the correct process to delegate

Answer 41

- communicate the importance of the task - delegate responsibility for quality of work - allow operational decision making - give recognition and trust the employee

Question 42

What are the stages of team forming?

Answer 42

1. Drifting stage: people get to know each other and identify roles and responsibilities 2. Gelling stage: like minded individuals form into small groups and develop their own identity. 3. Union stage: whole team bhaves as one

Question 43

What is the role of manager when selecting a team

Answer 43

- adopt a participative leadership style - define the purpose/goal of the team - ensure everyone know their individual roles - avoid role conflicts - even distribution of work - identify group norms - create measures of success - show the importance of organization of work - publicize the work of the team to the managers - obtain necessary funding and resoucres

Question 44

name the two categories of conflict

Answer 44

Functional or dysfunctional .

Question 45

list and explain the 5 ways of handling conflict

Answer 45

1. collaborative: win/win outcome, open, exhange ideas and solutions and discuss differences 2. Avoiding: lose/lose outcome, little concern for others 3. Forcing: win/lose outcome, needs of other party are ignored, personal interest are favored 4. Accomodating: lose/win outcome, other's interest are valued over your own. 5. give up something to achieve an amicable solution

Question 46

what are 7 ways of poorly handling conflict

Answer 46

1. intention (causing pain) 2. Incompetence 3. infidenlity 4. insensitivity 5. intrusion 6. institutional forces 7. inevitability.

Question 47

What are some characteristics of a good team

Answer 47

- efficient and result oreitned - high level of energy and enthusiams - synergy between the individuals - sense of purpose - strong trust/respect between member - strong leader who use participative leadership

Question 48

define creativity

Answer 48

ability to produce new, useful and original results

Question 49

list some characteristics of creative people (6)

Answer 49

- non conformist - original and look for different solutions - think laterally - produce many different ideas - confident - prefer to work on their own without supervision