Manipulating genomes chp 21 Flashcards
define genetic engineering
manipulation of the genome
define genome
all the genetic information found within an organism
define transgenic
organism that carriers a gene from another organism
from another species
what type of enzymes are used in genetic engineering
- restriction endonuclease
- DNA ligase
what is the function of restriction endonuclease
- cuts required gene from DNA
- cuts open DNA in host organism
define sticky ends and why are they made
- regions with unpaired, exposed bases
- many restrictions endonuclease cut the DNA strand unevenly, leaving strand fragmented
why do we want sticky ends to be produced during genetic engineering
make it easier to insert desired gene into the DNA
how can mRNA be used for genetic engineering
- isolate mRNA for desired gene and using enzyme reverse transcriptase to produce strand of complementary DNA
what enzyme is used in genetic engineering involving mRNA
reverse transcriptase
what advantages are there of using genetic engineering involving mRNA
- its easier to identify desired gene, as particular cells will make some very specific types of mRNA
^beta cells in pancreas make insulin mRNA
define recognition site
genetic sequences where the restriction enzymes cut the DNA segments
define vector in genetic engineering
something that carries the isolatyed DNA into the host cell
what are some common used vectors in genetic engineering
- plasmid DNA
define plasmid DNA
small circular molecules of DNA separate from chromosomal DNA that can replicate independently
define recombinant DNA
when isolated DNA combines with host DNA
what Is the function of DNA ligase in genetic engineering
forms phosphodiester bonds between the sugar and phosphate groups on two strands of DNA
define marker gene
a gene used to determine if DNA sequence has been successfully inserted into an organism’s DNA
How can marker genes be used to test if the gene insertion has been successful
- have characteristic that can be used to see if insertion done correct
- common one is antibiotic resistance, bacteria then grown in antibiotics (if survive then done correctly)
define transformation in genetic engineering
process of transferring recombinant DNA into host cell
define electroporation
- small electrical current applied to bacteria
^ this makes membrane porous so plasmids can move into cell
what is a problem with electroporation
if too much electrical current used can destroy whole cell
define electrofusion
- tiny electric currents are applied to membranes of 2 different cells
^this fuses cell and nuclear membranes to form polypoid cell
what is electrofusion used for
- producing monoclonal antibodies
what are genetically engineered prokaryotes used for
produce:
- hormones (insulin, HGH)
- clotting factors
- antibiotics
- pure vaccines
