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Manipulation > Manipulation > Flashcards

Manipulation Flashcards

1
Q

Descriptive vs. injunctive norms

A

Descriptive = percieved behavioural prevelance

Injunctive = commonly (dis)approved behavioural conduct

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2
Q

Focus theory of normative conduct

A

Norms do not influence behaviours in the same ways at all times (context dependent)

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3
Q

Behavioural economics

A

Applies psychology to economic models of decision making:

  • Cognitive model (system 2)
  • Context model (system 1)
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4
Q

MINDSPACE framework of behaviour change

A
  • Messenger
  • Incentives
  • Norms
  • Default
  • Salience
  • Priming
  • Affect
  • Commitment
  • Ego
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5
Q

Personality & Health

A

Big five:
- extraversion
- agreeableness
- neuroticism
- conscientiousness
- openness to experience

Conscientiousness (positive) and openness (negative) are predictive of health

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6
Q

Nudges

A

Choice architecture that alters people’s behavior in a predictable way without
forbidding any options or significantly changing their economic incentives.
- Perserves autonomy
- Reduces error and bias

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7
Q

Types of Nudges

A
  • Overt nudge: more open, perceived as more authentic
  • Covert nudge: opposite
  • Transparent nudge: individual understands the meaning of the nudge
  • Non-transparent nudge: less likely to recognize the meaning
  • Pro-self nudge: e.g. health
  • Pro-social: e.g. recycling
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8
Q

Nudges & Liberal Paternalism

A

Liberal: autonomy/freedom of choice

Paternalism: people’s choices are guided for the benefit of society

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9
Q

Snack position & food choices

A

More availability & variety of healthy food choices meant more consumption of these

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10
Q

Poverty & health

A

Social capital impacts social exclusion, including reduced access to various health facilities.

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11
Q

Social Networks Typologies

A
  • Network of solidarity
  • Socially EXcluded network
  • Heterogenous network
  • HOmogenous network
  • Traditional network

Solidary SEX is HHot

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12
Q

Stress-exposure disease framework

A

Differentiates community and individual levels of stress and vulnerability. Also explains why ethnicity is correlated with health-risks (based on location segregation).
Includes:
- Structural factors (societal infrastructure)
- Community stressors (physical & psychosocial)
- Individual stress (situation appraisals & baseline health)

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13
Q

Autonomy and social inclusion

A

Feeling socially included (residents of drug/alcohol rehabilitation center) increased personal autonomy and self-efficacy

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14
Q

Area-based SES and health

A

Measured STI’s, tuberculosis, and violence. Areas with economic deprivation and high crowding had higher rates of STI’s and TB

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15
Q

Socioeconomic inequalities in Europe

A

Lower SES/education corresponded to higher death rates and lower self-assessment of healthcare. Need better education and income distribution might

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16
Q

Social belonging intervention

A

Increased academic performance (GPA), sense of belonging, happiness, and (unconscious) self-efficacy

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17
Q

Belonging uncertainty and academia

A

Two studies found that ethnic minorities globalized implications of social exclusion into their fitness in the academic environment

18
Q

Socioeconomic status and childhood obesity

A

SES groups with greatest access to energy-rich diets are at increased risk of obesity (differs between developing and industrialized countries).

Causation =/= causation: obesity could also influence SES.

19
Q

M-E-B Health of Children

A
  • Mental
  • Emotional
  • Behavioural

The main factor is family poverty - poverty reduction interventions have therefore been able to improve these (by e.g. reducing antisocial behaviour)

20
Q

Inoculation theory

A

It is a psychosocial/communication theory that expresses how an attitude/opinion can become resistant through the exposure of weak counterarguments (pre-exposure). Important factors:

Threat, Delay, Refutaional Preemption, Involvement.
The Dog Remained Persistently Idiotic

21
Q

Eye contact and resistance

A

Persistent eye contact increases resistance to persuasion of a disagreeing other

22
Q

ACE resistance strategies

A
  • Avoidance (physical, mechanical, and cognitive)
  • Contesting (counter-arguing, source derogation)
  • Empowering (attitude bolstering, social validation, and self-assertion)
23
Q

Resistance-neutralizing persuasion tactics (ACE)

A

Alpha strategies = increase approach towards object
Omega strategies = reducing resistance to persuasion

  • A: forced exposure, branded content, viral marketing
  • C: two-sided ad, cognitive depletion, and distraction
  • E: freedom (persmission) and self-affirmation
24
Q

Strategies to resist attitude change

A
  1. Counterarguing
  2. Attitude Bolstering
  3. Message Distortion
  4. Social validation
  5. Source Degradation
  6. Negative Affect
  7. Selective Exposure
25
Q

Motivational Interviewing

A

Client-centered therapeutic technique: is based on the assumption that clients have conflicting motivations or ambivalence to change, and it is not the counselor’s function to convince them.

4 principles:
3. Development of discrepancy
2. Rolling with resistance
1. Expression of empathy
4. Support Self-efficacy
DRESS

26
Q

MI communication techniques

A
  1. Confirmation
  2. Open-ended questions
  3. Reflective listening
  4. Summarizing
  5. Initiating change-talk
27
Q

Self-determination theory

A

Assumes people are motivated to fulfill 3 universal needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness.

28
Q

SDT & MI

A

Competence: clear/neutral structure, self-developed goals, positive feedback, and self-efficacy.

Autonomy: roll with resistance, encourage change talk, explore options, the client makes decisions.

Relatedness: empathy, understanding client’s frame of reference, no judgements.

29
Q

Mood & self-threatening information

A

A positive mood may promote attendance to and systematic processing of self-threatening information.

30
Q

Self-affirmation and health-behaviour change

A

Self-affirmation = bolstering or restoring self-perception. It improved message acceptance, intentions to change, and subsequent behaviour change.

31
Q

Self-affirmation and reactance

A

Self-affirmation prior to receiving self-threatening information reduced reactance and increased subsequent behaviour change in high-risk individuals

32
Q

Prolonged TV exposure and disordered eating

A

Study on Fijian girls found prolonged TV exposure lead to modelling after TV characters. This increased prevalence of high EAT 26 scores self-induced vomitting. TV exposure is therefore one of many sociocultural factors that contribute to disordered eating.

33
Q

Social comparison in recovering cancer patients

A

Upward vs. downward comparison: interaction effect between type of comparison and social comparison sensitivity on subsequent quality of life.

High SCS: upward = low QoL; downward = high QoL.

Low SCS: upward = high QoL; downward = low QoL.
Generally prefer expert advice

34
Q

Social comparison and catastrophizing

A

Intervention programs should focus on increasing upward identifications and decreasing upward contrasts and downward identification (catastrophizing)

35
Q

Social comparison on Facebook

A

Found that facebook use was positively associated with SCOF and based on an individual’s self-esteem and impression management, this could negatively influence mental health

36
Q

Positive vs negative role models

A

Promotion and prevention goals had equal but opposite strengths, and participants were more likely to recall a role model that was congruent with their goal type.

37
Q

Superstars as role models

A

Superstars can sometimes be self-enhancing, self-deflating, and sometimes have no effect. The main factor relates to the relevance and perceived attainability of the superstar’s success.

38
Q

Self-discrepancy theory

A

Individuals are motivated to close any discrepancy between ideal/ought and actual self, as these discrepancies can lead to depression/anxiety

39
Q

Theory of discrete emotion

A

Individual emotions are associated with unique adaptive functions and goals, and accompanying degrees of action motivation.

40
Q

Inspiration or deflation?

A

Priming similarities = assimilation (positive self-evaluation); priming differences lead to contrast (negative self-evaluation, but motivated to change)

41
Q

Matrix of social comparison effects

A

Positive, upward = identified (hope)

Positive, downward = contrast (gratitude)

Negative, upward = contrast (envy)

Negative, downward = identified (worry)

42
Q

Reikert et al., 2011

A

N = 37 African-American adolescents and caregiver participated in 5 home visit MIs regarding asthma medication adherence. Increased motivation and QoL, but no sig. dif. of adherence. Limitation of self-report for adherence, future studies should use objective measures for this.

Manipulation (1 decks)

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