Manufacturing Industries Flashcards
(21 cards)
manufacturing definition
production of goods- large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable producs
importance of manufacturing industries
1.modernising agriculture, reducing dependence
2.expanding trade and commerce
3.precondition for eradication of poverty and unemployment
4.prosperity
classification of industries
-source of raw materials- agro/ mineral
-bulk and weight of raw materials and finished goods - heavy/ light
-ownership- public/ private/ joint/ cooperative
-main role- basic or key / consumer
-capital investment
Textile Industry
-unique position: Indian economy
-contributes significantly- industrial production, foreign exchange earnings, employment generation
-self reliant
-complete in value chain
Cotton textiles
-ancient india- hand spinning, handloom weaving
-power loom-18th century
-coloniol period- traditional industries: setback
-cotton growing belt of Maharashtraa and Gujarat: raw cotton, market, transport, port facilities, moist climate and labour
-close links with agriculture
-provides a living- farmers, cotton ball pluckers, ginners, weavers, spinners, those engaged in dyeing, packaging, tailoring, etc.
-this industry, by creating demands, supports many other industries
-spinning- highly centralised in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu
-weaving- highly decentralised to provide a scope for incorporating traditional skills and designs of weaving in cotton, silk, zari, embroidery,etc.
-India has world class production in spinning, but weaving supplies low qualiy fabric as it cannot use muc of the high quality yarn produced in the country
-weaving done by- handloom, powerloom and in mills
-handspun khadi- provides large scale employment- cottage industry
-first successful textile mill- 1854, Mumbai
-2 world wars- fought in Europe
-India was a british colony- demand for cloh- UK- boost to development of cotton textile Industry
Jute textiles
-India: largest producer of raw Jute and jute goods
-2nd place as an exporter- after Bangladesh
-mills: WB along the banks of Hugli river in a narrow belt
-factors: proximity- jute producing areas, inexpensive waater transport, railways, roadways, waterways- facilitate movement of raw material to mills, abundant water- processing jute, cheap labour from west bengal and adjoining sates- Odisha, UP, Bihar. kolkata- urban centre - port facilities, bankiing and insurance- export
-first jute mill- rishra, near kolkata:1855
-after partition,- jute mills remained in India, nut 3/4 of the jute producing area- Bangladesh
Sugar Industry
-India- 2nd as a world producer of sugar
-1’st - production of gur and khandsari
-raw material- bulky, loses sucrose content- haulage
-mills locaed: UP, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, A.P, Gujarat, Punjab
-60%- UP, Bihar
-this industry- seasonal-> more suitable for the cooperative sector
-recent years- mills concentrate- southern and western states- especially Maharashtra
-cane: higher sucrose conent, cooler climate- longer crushing season
-cooperatives are more successful in these states
Iron and steel industry
-basic industry- why
-steel- engineering goods, construction material, defence, medical, telephonic and scientific equipent, variety of other consumer goods
-production and consumption of steel- the index of a country’s development
-heavy industry- raw materials and finished goods- heavy and bulky-> heavy transportation costs
-iron ore, coking coal, limestone- 4:2:1
-some quantities of manganese- harden steel
-finished products also need an efficient transportation network for distribution to the markets and consumers
-maximum concentration - chotanagpur plateau region
-advantages
-low cost iron ore, hugh grade raw materials in proximity, cheap labour, vast growth potential in home market
Aluminium smelting
-second most important metallurgical industry
-malleable, light, good conductor of heat, becomes strong when mixed with other metals
-used in manufacture of aircraft, utensils, wires
-gained popularity as a substitute og steel, copper, lead and zinc in a number of industries
-aluminium smelting plants- OMCT WK
-Bauxite- raw material used in the smelters- bulky, dark- reddish coloured rock
-2 prime factors for the location of this industry- regular supply of electricity, assured source of raw materal at low cost
chemical industry
-fast growing and diversifying in India
-small scale and large scale units
-rapid growth- inorganic and organic sectors
-inorganic chemiclas- sulphuric acid(fertilizers, synthetic fibres, plastics, adhesives, paints, dyestuffs), nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash( glass, soaps, paper, detergents) and caustic soda
-widely spread all over the country
-organic chemicals- petrochemicals used to make synthetic fibres, synthetic rubbers, dyestuffs, plastics, pharmaceuticals, drugs
-located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants
-chemical industry i s its own largest consumer- basic chemicals-> processing-> other chemicals for industrial applicaation, agriculture, directly for consumer markets
Fertilizer industry
-centered around the production of nitrogenous fertilizers, phosphatic fertilizers, ammonium phosphate(DAP), complex fertilizers- nitrogen, phosphate, potash
-potash- entirely imported- country doesnt have any reserves of commercially usable potash or potassium compounds in any form
-after the green revolution - industry expanded to several parts of the country
-GUP TK -half production of fertilizers
-other significant producers- AP, odisha, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, west bengal, goa, delhi, Mp, Karnataka
Cement industry
-essential for construction activity- examples
-requires bulky raw materials- limestone, gypsum, silica
-coal, electric power, rail transportation
-strategically located- Gujarat - suitable access to markets in other countries
Auomobile industry
-provide vehicles for quick transportation of goods, sefvices, passangers
-types of automobiles- produced at various centres in India
-after liberalisation- coming in of new and contemprorary models stimulated the demand for vehicles in the market- led to healthy growth of this industry
-Delhi, Bengaluru, Pune, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Chennai, Lucknow, Gurugram, Jamshedpur
Information Technology and Electronics Industry
-wide range of products(transistor sets, TV, telephones, radars, computers and many other equipments required by the telecommunication industry
-bengaluru- electronic capital of India
-other important centres-Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Coimbatore, Lucknow
-major concentration- Bengaluru, Noida, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad, Pune
-major impact on employment generation
-continuing growth in hardawre and software is the key to the success of IT industry in India
4 types of pollution
-land
-water
-noise
-air
Air pollution
-caused by the presence of a high proportion of undesirable gases, like sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide- in the atmosphere
-air borne particulate materials- solid and liquid particles, like dust, sprays mist and smoke
-smoke- brick kilns, refineries, chemical and paper factories, smelting plants, burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms
-toxic gas leaks- hazardous, with long term effects
-air pollution adversely affects human healt, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole
Water pollution
-organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharges into riverss
-paper, pulp, chemical, textile dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries, electroplating indutries- let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts, etc. into the water bodies
-fly ash, phospho gypsum and iron and steel slags- major solid wastes
thermal pollution
-hot water from factories and thermal plants- drained water bodies before cooling
-adverse affects on aqautic life
-wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear weapon facilities- cause cancers, birth defects, miscarriages
-soil and water pollution- closely related
-dumping wastes- renders soil useless
-rain water percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground water-> contaminating ground water
Noise pollution
-irritation and anger
-hearing impairement
-increased heart rate and BP
-unwanted sopund is and irritant, source of stress
control of environmental degradation
-every litre of waste water discharged by our industries pollutes 8 times the quantity of fresh water
-suggestions to reduce pollution of fresh water
1.minimising the use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in 2 or more successive stages
2.harvesting rainwater ro meet water requirements
3.treating hot water and effluents before releasing them into rivers and ponds. 3 phases:
i) primary treatment- mechanical means- screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation
ii)secondary treatment by biological processes
iii)teritary treaament by biological, physical and chemical processes- recycling of waste water
-overdrawing of ground water reserves by industry where there is a threat to ground water resources needs to be regulated
-particulate matter in the air- reduced :fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers, inertial separators
-smoke can be reduced by using oil/ gas instead of coal
-machinery, generators- silencers
-almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise
-noise absorbing material may also be used
NTPC
-major power providing corporation in India
-ISO certificate for EMS 14001
-proactive approach for preserving the natural environment and resources like water, oil, gas, fuels in places it ses uo its power plants
-measures:
1. optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment
2. minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation
3.providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and adressing the question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation
4.reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling, and liquid waste management
5.ecological monitoring, reviews and online database management for all its power stations
