Māori and Product Design Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
What is the triad we must consider when thinking about Māori relationships?
A
Atua Spiritual, Whenua Land and Tangata People
2
Q
How do Māori iwis differ?
A
They have the same values however the express them differently
3
Q
How do Māori people see their ancestors?
A
They see their ancestors as having a direct relationship to god/spiritual. This is why it can be problematic, to name brands or products after ancestors, they have a spiritual connection and it can be offensive.
4
Q
What are Māori social practises like?
A
Community-orientated?
5
Q
What is Mātauranga Māori?
A
A recent phase but an old concept, has come to mean a wide body of ‘Māori knowledge’ predominantly traditional
6
Q
Can Mātauranga Māori be seen alongside western science?
A
No
7
Q
Why has their been a recent controversy over Mātauranga Māori?
A
A article published in July 2021, called ‘In defence of science’ posited Mātauranga Māori is not science
8
Q
What does Mātauranga cover?
A
Pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of Te Taiao {the natural environment}, following a systematic methodology based on evidence incorporating clulture, values and world veiw
9
Q
What does Te Ao Māori infer?
A
That all things are interconnected
10
Q
How does the culture change between regions?
A
Oral knowledge is based on local knowledge systems, grounded in place, therefore has regional variations. This is associated with the spiritual element with the environment, Sahara desire would make you think of different gods than the arctic.
11
Q
What has Mātauranga Māori been impacted by?
A
Colonisation, this has inferred a need for revitalisation
12
Q
What is the Mātauranga Māori approach?
A
Holistic, antithetical to categorisation, in contrast to the highly compartmentalised Western Approach
13
Q
What is an important take away from Mātauranga MāorrI?
A
Words, phrases, names contained within narratives hold significance and mana
14
Q
How does Cooks map compare to Tuki’s map?
A
Cooks map is very geographically accurate but doesn’t give information on where important resources and places are. Both are useful for different types of information
15
Q
What is Whakapapa?
A
Genealogy and taxonomy (naming, classifying and describing organisms)
16
Q
How do Māori classify things?
A
Not in terms of categories but in terms of relationships between all things including the inanimate and intangible
17
Q
What is the main take away from Whakapapa?
A
There exist relationships between all elements in the world, mixing of some of them are forbidden. The reasons behind why these are forbidden are not just spiritual but have stories that present scientific facts.
18
Q
What are important parts of Māori stories?
A
People representing things, and contain scientific knowledge. Telling stories is a method of communicating and remembering knowledge.
19
Q
How is the ecosystem affected when we use something according to Maori ideals?
A
Can’t use anything without affecting the ecosystem, everything is connected.
20
Q
What does reciting the Whakapapa achieve?
A
Determines identity by connection points to tapuna (ancestors) and the atua, the senior line of the whakapap were the firstborn of the eponymous ancestors
21
Q
Why should we steer clear of names and places?
A
They are intensely Tapu, restricted, sacred
22
Q
What does Mana mean?
A
Authority, esteem essence, spiritual authority
23
Q
What does Mauri mean?
A
Life principle, energy, life force, intrinsic worth
24
Q
How does mana affect a person?
A
Personal identity is expressed in concepts such as mana, is attributable and a reflection o the mana or your chief, he or she is a living connection to the Atua and their mana reflects the mana of all tribal members, exchanged with any family member, positive or negative affect mana
25
How does Mauri-ora change in relation to Mana?
Mauri-ora is wellbeing, it is impacted by status of mana, if mana has been attacked or offended Mauri-ora is threatened
26
What does Whenua mean?
Land, placenta
27
What is Papatūānuku?
The mother of living and non-living things, she is our mother, our tupuna and therefore central to our whakaapa and identity. She is a nurturer and provides for the needs of all her children, we have to care for her and protect her body.
28
How does whenua affect us?
Informs our tikanga, shapes our relationships and perceptions of each other, the environment and ourselves
29
What is Māori identity inseperabe from?
Whenua, names of natural elements do hold particular significance.
30
What is Tapu/Noa?
Ancestral presence, you've been endowed with this, unlike mana you can't get more or less of this. Tapu is set apart, sacred or restricted, Noa is unrestricted, open, not set apart
31
What are the three life principles?
Mauri, Hau, Wairua
32
What does Mauri mean?
Binds body (Tinana) to spirit (wairua)
33
What does Hau mean?
Breathe, life
34
What does wairua mean?
Spirit
35
How is Tapu imposed?
It is an imposed order on society, all Māori applied significant respect to the laws of Tapu, committing Hara (violation of Tapu) invoked a natural law of retribution eg. rah, a place marked off as restricted for a variety of resoons
36
What is Tapu typically associated with?
Proximity to creation, birth and death
37
Describe the relationship with Tapu and Noa?
A binary relationship, something may be Tapu and Noa but not at the same time, you can't mix Tapu and Noa
38
Give an example of mixing Tapu and Noa?
Naming food product after Tapu ancestor
39
Give example of things that are Tapu?
Visitors to a mare are Tapu people of the mare are not. A kuia (esteemed older female is Tapu. The head is Tapu as it holds knowledge. The process of death and the dead. Raw food is Tapu, cooked food is Noa, strict rules around food, no clothes in food tables, food clothes wasted separately, no food over a persons head. Buildings under construction are Tapu.
40
What is raw food tapu?
Because raw food comes straight from the ground, where it is closer to god, connected to him and the spiritual side, cooking it makes the food become more earthly and less spiritual.
41
What is forbidden in regard to Tapu and Noa?
Mixing them
42
What does Mauri mean?
The relationship between all living things is charecterised by a shared origin of life principle, any acts undermining or disrespecting Maori warrents attention. This wellbeing is not just heath bu economical, and social.
43
What is the Māori obligation?
To act a Kaitiaki (gaurdian, custodian) of Mauri, especially in present times of threat such as climate change. Obligation to look after what's connected.
44
What are the three sources of Mana?
Directly from Atua, inherited ancestrally, territorial rights (based on where you live)
45
How is mana enhanced or restored?
With interaction from others
46
What is death preferred to?
Loss of mana
47
What is mana inseparable from?
Relationship, it is impossible to acquire mana from personal gain, it is bestowed or earned from contributing to the well-being of the community.
48
What is vital in all interactions with Māori?
Maintaining mana
49
What is spirituality integral to?
Welbeing
50
What is indivisable in terms of Wairua?
Physical and spiritual, wellbeing of the spirit (Wairua), the physical body (Tinana) and the land (wheneua). No separation of mind and body.
51
What does Mauri apply to?
Animate and inanimate, human and non human
52
What does Mauri do?
Binds all things together, spiritual and physical.
53
What does Hau apply to?
Only animate
54
How does Mauri-ora become animate?
With the injection of Hau
55
What does Hau connect?
All living things as breath is inhaled and exhaled we share breath
56
What is mixing of Hau?
Often done with hongi's, it is sharing Hau that's given from ancestors, its because of this Māori people like to meet in person
57
What are measurements wellbeing?
Mauri and Hau, considerate of the spiritual, physical economic and social.
58
Why are some Māori hesitant/suspicous of motives when seeking engagement from them?
Because of past colonial realities. makes them distrustful and weary.
59
What is one of the more misunderstood elements of tikanga Māori?
Utu, maintaing relationships
60
What does Utu mean?
Repayment, paid for, similar return for something (reciprocity)
61
What does Uto mean?
Revenge
62
What does Ngaki mean?
avenge
63
What does reciprocity mean?
Exchange for mutual benefit
64
What is the principle of tutu within Maori society?
Maintenance of relationships
65
How does Utu affect formulators?
Important to remember when wanting consultation, shouldn't be a hit and run but a long term relationship, Maori have a deep knowledge of past, it needs to be mutually beneficial, an enduring relationship
66
What is representative of a good faith exchange/.
Echange of anything, gifts, knowledge, Hau, an enduring relationship
67
What is society centred on?
Maintenance of relationships, economic activity for example, was driven by the need to display generosity and hospitality, with an expectation of receiving greater returns in the future (short or long term) in an ever looping cycle.
68
When does Hara occur?
Whenever mana was negatively impacted, offence occurred or was taken out of context.
69
What does the Maori legal system believe in terms of Hara?
Does not believe in guilt but instead harm. Need to figure out where the harm came from and how to heal the harm to re-balance
70
How seriously is the recovery of mana taken?
Recovery of mana to rebalance the relationship is taken extremely seriously, as a life or death matter.
71
Why can consulting with Maori be advantageous?
They have a deep extensive knowledge of natural materials,
72
What sould you bring to a consultation with Māori representative.
Aspirations, how you're adding value, appropriateness.
73
What is important to note when consulting Māori?
No rules, having a surface understanding of Māori values will assist with consultation, Tikanga can be contextual, families do not always agree (can be conflicting information), focus on the principles rather than the detail. Important to have a close relationship.
74
What are the aspirations of the local Ngāi Tahu?
For us an dour children after us. Commercial development is a means not an end.
75
What is important to consider when engaging in a design relationship?
Establish the relationship for the sake f it rather than a means to an end, avoid the dial-a-māori approach, look for mutual benefits (align aspirations), be prepared for conflicting advices, seek advice widely then maintain links with trustworthy advisors
76
How should you approach Māori product design?
Seek permission vs. doing food research and seeking guidance
77
What are Trade Marks Māori advisory committee?
Adivise the commissioner of patents of any use of Māori imagery or text that is offensive to Māori.
78
When is assessment required in terms of Trademarks?
Māori geographical name used, other Māori words or mages, anything that could be considered offensive or ambiguous in relation to the particular goods and service the trademark represents, an ancestors name or image, in association with a sacred place in the traditional, spiritual, religious, ritual or mythological sense, a word regarded as having high importance.
79
How does Tohu wine do well by emphasising Māori values
The company integrates principle values through their organisation (whakaapa, rangatiratanga, kaitiakitang) the work with marketers/exprotters to ensure Māori cultural attributes are effectively communicated along the value chain. Manaakitnaga, Tohu wines gives international guests and clients a formal welcome and the opportunity to meet tribal elders. The process is explained via translator and booklet. Tohu wines demonstrates their values and provides clients an opportunity to connect with culture.
80
Why can alcoholic products be an issue for Māori?
Because of its destruction to cultures, seen as colonisers weapon against Maori people
81
What do the patents Māori advisory committee do?
Advises the commissioner of patents on any commercial exploitation from inventions thet might be contrary to Māori values.
82
When will the commissioner of patents request the advice of the Patents Māori Advisory Committee?
If either the inventions derived from Māori traditional knowledge, or derived from indigenous plants or animals.
83
What words or symbols can be used without issue?
Kiwi and Koru
84
How is Mauturanga Māori incinerated into patents?
Mātauranga Māori includes the Māori worldview and perspectives as well as Māori creativity and cultural practices, including language. NZ's patent and tradmark law include specific provisions for the protection of Mātauranga Māori. Thes provsions help prevent the registration of trademarks, or granting of patents that would be considered offensive by Māori or contrary to Māori belief.
85
What are the most common things asked when using Te Red Māori words in products?
Is this appropriate,
86
What's important to think of when using Te Reo?
The use of Macrons and importance of spelling, slight changes can mean a whole different word
87
Which names need consultation?
Personal names, Geographical names
88
Using the word Kuia give the significance of the word and why it's problematic
kuit is translated to grandmother, however this translation does not reflect its full significance, Kuia is a name used to show great respect, recognising a persons achievenments, wisdom and contribution. In this light it would be offensive for Kuia (Tapu) to be associated with things like food and alcohol (not) in a trademark.
89
What hold spiritual significance for Maori?
Certain words, expressions, performances, images, places and things hold economic, cultural, historic, and/or spiritual significance for Maori.
90
What does Karatitiana Taiuru do?
Campaigns against appropriation, looks for it and then writes letters to change and educate. This is especially prevalent overseas many products reference traditional Māori art and design, however there is no knowledge or understanding of the Māori culture behind them
91
How does using Māori words an designs clash with the law?
There are no indegenous property rights legislation that protect Māori culture, Tihunga suppression act occurred in 1907 making traditional Māori practices illegal this act was repealed in 1962, normalisation of the use of Māori symbols is no being challenged. Wai262 claims
92
Why is their tension between using Māori idea, words and design and the law?
Because of the past suppressions the Māori people feel they have to work hard to protect things that are important to them.
93
What is the key principles when using Māori ideas, words and designs?
The rationale is to ensure Tikanga is appropriate and Māori issues are protected. Māori ideas, designs and words often have interconnected layers of meaning. Invorporating Māori ideas into your product can add value, producer and designers nutst also consider possible obligations of that use.
94
What elements of Māori design are specifically protected by law?
Ngāi Tahu's relationship with pounamu, Kā Mate Haka (can be performed but can't be used commercially without permission), Words or emblems associated with the 28th Maori Battalion
95
What act protects the Ngāi Tahu's relationship with ponamu?
Ngāi Tahu (Pounamu Vesting) Act 1997 & 2002
96
What act protects words or emblems associated with the 28th Māori Battalion?
Flags, emblems and names protection act 1981
97
What elements are specifically protected in NZ by law?
The Wanganui river and the Te Urewera national park
98
What are both of these protected elements recognised as?
Legal people, they have the same rights by law, they can't speak, like minors so have people to represent them.
99
What are Taonga species?
Hold a whakaapa and story that connects back to creation. Used in ritual or medicine will have personification in the narratives. eg. Huia feather, worn by chiefs, fantail associated with death
100
How did the Huia bird go extinct?
Māori people believed there had to be authority or mana to wear the feather on their head. A British king came to NZ and wore it, sent a photo back to England were it became so in demand the birds went extinct.
101
What are som Māori aspirations when thinking about self determination?
All people have the rights of self determination, colonisation removes the freedom to choose .
102
What does Tino Rangatiratanga mean?
Self determination
103
How do Māori people view leaders?
Representation and embodiment of the Atua, (iwi) considerd the 'human resting place of gods'
104
How does submission to leaders work in Māori culture?
Depended on the mana of leaders, maintained by providing protection, daily needs and adherence to tikanga. Leadership is dependant on the community, if you don't have the community you will lose you position.
105
How should a Māori leader be?
Servanthanded, non-authoritarian, guided rather than ruled. Work alongside people, many labour intensive roles done by chief.
106
What is the primary consideration for Māori in terms of. leadership?
Alignment with community & aspiration
107
What is the Māori community like in terms of consultation?
No different to other communities, a complex web, network or relationships formal and informal institutions
108
When consulting Māori how should you present you aspirations?
Be clear about your aspirations and explain why, align with Māori aspirations
109
What other things need to be considered when consulting Māori?
Important to go to and build relationships with the right people, consult widely and from various perspectives, tread carefully around contested narratives
110
What are important Treaty principles to consider when consulting with Māori?
Partnership (equitable power relationships, authority), protection (of IP, tikanga, language), participation (full engagement)
111
What is a respectful engagement?
Pronunciation (especially their name, a respectful attempt is better than saying I can't pronounce that), Mihimihi (basic introduction in Māori, aims to make connection with Audience, no need to panel beat your whakaapa into a formula, it's okay to blend Māori with English), prepare well (find out who the local mana when are, important to acknowledge (ancestors and contemprary) local history.
112
What are the three elements we should look at the the 3 sets of questions we need to answer?
Whakapapa (What's the whakapap context? is tis my story , am I related? who do I consult with and how might I proceed?) IP (Is this a taonga to anyone? were I to seek a patent, what makes this my product? What procedure do I need to engage?) Tikanga (Is it appropriate for me to claim this knowledge? What obligations arise?
