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Mapping Exam ! > MAPPING EXAM! > Flashcards

MAPPING EXAM! Flashcards

1
Q

Baseline measuring is best suited to?

A

Exterior Scenes

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2
Q

The __________ of a measuring device or technique describes how close the reported distance is to the true absolute distance, while __________ describes how well the performance of the device can be replicated.

A

Accuracy, Precision

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3
Q

The overall preferred measuring technique for locating objects within a room is?

A

Right Angle Offset

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4
Q

“Once around the Room” describes?

A

the sequence for measuring a room

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5
Q

Additive measuring has all measurements taken from one start point while Continuous measuring has the finishing point of each measurement becomes the starting point of the next
(T OR F)

A

False

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6
Q

There are _____ different broad categories of measuring systems?

A

3

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7
Q

A study on expert opinion reports found over an 8-year period that about ____% of all preclusion challenges were fully accepted (and the report was rejected) by the courts.

A

30

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8
Q

One characteristic of the scientific method is reproducibility. We cannot know how to reproduce an observation unless we have confidence in how it was originally collected.

(T OR F)

A

True

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9
Q

Quality ? : the review of the completed process, products and/or results to ensure that it complied with and followed the established protocols in leading to the finished product

A

Control

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10
Q

Quality ? : the review of the completed process, products and/or results to ensure that it complied with and followed the established protocols in leading to the finished product

A

Control

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11
Q

In order to locate a coffee table within a room on a plan drawing, ____ measurements are required

A

3

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12
Q

When starting a field sketch, you should ensure that ?

A

The length and width of the first room is proportional to each other

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13
Q

In order for a diagram to be accepted as an exhibit, it must be?

A

Verified

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14
Q

An exploded room diagram shows?

A

The floorplan with the walls folded down along where they connect with the floor

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15
Q

What type of evidence are crime scene diagrams?

A

Demonstrative

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16
Q

Forensic First accounts

A

Forensic Science being used to solve a crime involved the stabbing death of Julius Caesar in 44 B.C

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17
Q

Forensic Science

A

Chemistry* Biology* Pathology* Physics* Meteorology.

Crime Scene Investigation* Fingerprints* Trace Evidence* DNA* Ballistics* Bloodstain* Documentation

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18
Q

Evidentiary Aspects ( Evidence )

A

Direct evidence, Indirect

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19
Q

Evidence - Types

A

Real Evidence
Documentary evidence
Testimonial Evidence
Expert/Opinion
Demonstrative Evidence

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20
Q

Evidence – Admissibility

A

Evidence is only admissible when:

relevance is proven in part through an accurate process by which it was identified, and its physical, spatial &temporal characteristics were recorded

properly and legally collected for preservation and/or further analysis

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21
Q

Objectives & Purposes( What)

A

WHAT:

The primary objective in preparing a CrimeScene Drawing or Model is to accurately and objectively record and illustrate the relative spatial locations of both any items of evidentiary value contained within (the content) and the relevant features that comprise the scene (the context).

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22
Q

Objectives & Purposes (WHY)

A

WHY:
In gathering the on-site data, the personperforming the mapping becomes an impartialwitness to the spatial aspects of the crime scene.

Afterwards, when translated into demonstrative evidence such as a diagram, map or model, this data will serve as an accurate and reliable basis for a variety of applications, both directly and as a basis for further analysis and expert opinion.

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23
Q

Synopsis & Case Objectives

A

Prior to commencing, it is crucial to get aclear synopsis and identify the generalobjectives so that the areas to be documentedare properly defined

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24
Q

Synopsis & Case Objectives

A

Prior to commencing, it is crucial to get aclear synopsis and identify the generalobjectives so that the areas to be documentedare properly defined

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25
Q

The Walk Through

A

Confirm the right to enter the scene exists – Criminal S/W, Consent,Coroners Warrant.

Identify all potential hazards within the scene

Develop a well-organized plan with set responsibilities

Approach the scene carefully and systematically

Ensure the boundaries have been set correctly and nothing has been over-looked

Ensure the location of all in-situ evidence has been noted to avoid disturbance

Do not alter the position of any object until it has been properly recorded. The position, location or relationship can often be as important as the object itself

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26
Q

Basic Types of Sketches

A

Plan View
Elevation
Exploded view
Isometric

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27
Q

Plan View

A

A “floor plan” or “bird’s-eye view”, the simplest and the most common type of diagram.

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28
Q

Eleveation

A

A side view that portrays a vertical plane rather than a horizontal plane. For forensic purposes this also includes cross-section

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29
Q

Exploded View

A

A combination of the first two, it places the plan of a single room in the center of the drawing and lays each of the4 walls flat as if they were hinged along the baseboards

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30
Q

Isometric

A

A three dimensional drawing combining and depicting three sides (ie, top side and front) without perspective foreshortening

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31
Q

“Required Information”

A

A- General Information- person who prepared diagram

B- Compass Orientation- should be included on sketches of fire scenes

C- Scale- drawing should be drawn approximately to scale

D- Symbols- common on sketches

E- Legend- is symbols use them this is needed

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32
Q

Sketching – Getting Started

A

Walk the entire scene

*Get a sense of the extent, shape & proportions of the scene– if needed, take rough overall measurements to accomplish this

*Set the perimeter boundaries –usually, this is based on police line tape/area under uniform protection

*Prioritize areas to be mapped according to the overall investigative process

*Break the scene down into a series of blocks

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33
Q

Building the “blocks”

A

Start at an outermost corner, sketch the immediate boundaries (i.e.walls of room) of the “first block”. Try to keep the size of this room proportional to the overall size of the paper, based on the approximate size of the actual room relative to the overall scene.

  • Using visual indicators, keep the overall length vs. width of the first block /room as close to proportional as possible
  • Draw objects/furniture, to approximate their proportionate size and position relative to the boundaries /walls of the area
  • Add adjacent blocks/rooms basing their size & proportions on the relative of the areas already drawn.
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34
Q

Measuring Systems

A

Contact (Manual)* Ruler / Tape / Laser Distance Meter (LDM/EDM)

  • Non-Contact* Total Station (Theodolite) / Laser Scanning (LiDAR)
  • Remote* Photogrammetry
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35
Q

Accuracy

A

how close is the distance as measured to theactual distance?

36
Q

Precision

A

how consistent / repeatable are the results?

37
Q

Validity

A

– the degree that a system is both Accurate & Precise

38
Q

Techniques-

A

baseline-triangulation-right angle offset

39
Q

Units

A

Metric (System International-SI)
vs.
Imperia

40
Q

Sequence

A

Work one room or area at a time until it is complete!1.“

Once around the room” - perimeter of the area

2.Room or Area Overalls & Check distances

3.Additional dimensions to record special structural features& details

4.Evidence / Furniture / Objects

41
Q

Preferred Measuring Techniques

A
  1. Right Angle Offset
  2. Triangulation
  3. Baseline
  4. Polar
42
Q

Measuring - Round Corners

A

1-2 = any chord on the curve (C)(the larger the better)

3-4 = middle ordinate (M) where angle 1-3-4 = 90 and 1-3 = 3-

43
Q

Avoiding Clutter

A

To Wall
*Chair A B C
*Enlargements on the side
*Colours

44
Q

Use right-angle offsets wherever possible ( T OR F)

A

True

45
Q

Upon completion of the mapping process, the scene should be re-walked and spot checks made to ensure nothing has been overlooked.

( T OR F)

A

True

46
Q

Quality Assurance

A

Before

The process by which a procedureis governed by and/or follows anestablished set of protocolsthat have been reviewed, testedand verified in order to ensure thedesired result is attained

47
Q

Quality Control

A

After
End product is it what it should be ?

The review of the completed process, products and/or results to ensure that it complied with and followed thee established protocols (QA) in leading to the finished product

48
Q

Accuracy

A

How close is the measured distance/length to the actual or “true” distance?

49
Q

Precision

A

The degree of reproducibility of a measured distance/length (how consistent / repeatable are the results?)

50
Q

Confidence

A

the degree that a system is both Accurate & Precise

51
Q

The quality of a forensic investigation begins with and hinges on the accuracy of the data collected
(T OR F)

A

TRUE

52
Q

The accuracy in turn is dependent on the precision of the collection system and how it is applied
(T OR F)

A

TRUE

53
Q

Remember always to follow the Procedures IS?

A

Quality Assurance

54
Q

Review your work during & upon completion IS ?

A

Quality Control

55
Q

One of the major issues in documenting a scene is that it frequently becomes apparent only after the scene has been released that the data collected will form part of a Scientific Analysis
(T OR F)

A

TRUE

56
Q

what’s in a Measurement?

A
  1. The Value
  2. The Error Rate (Margin of Error)
  3. The Confidence Level
57
Q

what’s in a Measurement?

A
  1. The Value
  2. The Error Rate (Margin of Error)
  3. The Confidence Level
58
Q

Valid Protocols are?

A

Formalized* Methodical* Verified* Yield an Error Rate

59
Q

The Error Rate

A

An Error Rate (or Margin of Error) is associated with measurements that have been collected according to an Examination Protocol that has been verified by Replication

60
Q

Blunders

A

A Single Mistake
* Therefore, the Error Rate does not apply
ect..

61
Q

What are the Systemic Errors?

A

Bias:
A prejudice in favour of or against a thing, person, group or activity as compared with another, usually in a way considered unfair

Imprecision:
Assuming the measuring system is operating as intended; imprecision comes down to: “Is the specified level of precision

62
Q

Use municipal / existing sources wherever possible & appropriate
(T OR F)

A

TRUE

63
Q

City Surveyors Map

A

They provide extensive information about the land, such as property lines, topography,fire hydrants, and light posts/phone lines and the physical characteristics of the area, including buildings, roads, and bodies of water.

64
Q

Laser Scanning - Principles

A

A laser beam is projected onto an object or surface and the distance and angle from a base reference point is calculated and recorded.

total Station – 1 to 2cm accuracy at 1+km / one point collected at a timeLaser Scanner – 2mm accuracy at 25m / 4,000 to960,000+ pts /sec*

65
Q

Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS

A

The flight of RPASs may operate with various degrees of autonomy: either under remote control by a human operator or autonomously by onboard computers

66
Q

photogrammetry

A

Advanced spatial data processing

67
Q

Virtual Reality

A

Advanced spatial data presentation

The computer-generated simulation of a 3-dimensional environment that can be interacted with in a seemingly real or physical way by a viewer using special electronic equipment, such as a head mounted display (HMD) and hand controllers

68
Q

Fidelity:

A

To the visuals of the actual situation (howrealistic are the representations),

  • To the task (how accurately is the taskmodelled and presented), and
  • To the cognitive path (how closely do the mental processes experienced and retained reflect the real-world process
69
Q

Perceptual fidelity:

A

Virtual interactions that closely mimic the physical worldactivate the same neural pathways in the brain. I.e. “muscle memory” or State-dependent retention

70
Q

Feedback fidelity:

A

In VR, learners make decisions just as they would in the realworld, and depending on the level of engagement, these decisions can have adirect and immediate positive or negative impact

71
Q

Emotional fidelity

A

VR can invoke a sense of presence that creates realemotional and empathic responses. These sensory stimulations trigger the brainin much the same way it reacts to actual situations (whether joy, fear or surprise)to release endorphins, serotonin, and/or dopamine.

72
Q

Camera Obscura

A

(Reverse Projection)
A test object of known length (usually a range pole) is brought back to the scene and recorded using the same system as what recorded the subject video

  1. The test object is placed as close as possible to location of the subject feet
  2. The two images (test & subject) are overlaid, and by using transparency adjustments, the height of the subject is compared and determined relative to the length of the test object
73
Q

Camera Obscura

A

(Reverse Projection)
A test object of known length (usually a range pole) is brought back to the scene and recorded using the same system as what recorded the subject video

  1. The test object is placed as close as possible to location of the subject feet
  2. The two images (test & subject) are overlaid, and by using transparency adjustments, the height of the subject is compared and determined relative to the length of the test object
74
Q

Software - SVM ( Single View Metrology)

A

Various parallel features are traced on the subject Image to project out to where they intersect

  1. These intersection points are designated as vanishing points(VPs)(left, right and down/vertical)
  2. Lines are traced from the VPs to the feet/head of the subject as well from VP down through the subject and a known comparison object
  3. The length of the vertical lines through the subject and comparison object are cross-multiplied to determine the height of the subject
75
Q

Software - Scanning

A

Single View Metrology (SVM)based on perspective analysis principles

  • Laser ScanningInsert 2d image of the subject into 3d model
76
Q

Software - Scanning

A

Single View Metrology (SVM)based on perspective analysis principles

  • Laser ScanningInsert 2d image of the subject into 3d model
77
Q

Perspective Analysis

A

visual clues -> vanishing points -> project subject onto known scene feature

78
Q

Perspective Analysis

A

visual clues -> vanishing points -> project subject onto known scene feature

79
Q

There are specific issues relating to system operation (ie barrel distortion) and subject features (ie clothing, movement) that can have significant impact if not addressed properly
(T OR F)

A

TRUE

80
Q

R= C2/8M + M/2 is a formula that uses:

A

the chord, and mid ord length to determine the radius

81
Q

Additive measuring

A

the finishing point of each measurement becomes the starting point of the next

82
Q

Continuous measuring

A

has all measurements taken form one start point

83
Q

Study on expert opinion

A

over an 8 year period, about 30% of all preclusion challenges were fully accepted and the report was rejected by the courts

84
Q

A plan diagram can serve as an investigative tool for:

A

acoustic analysis
- ballistics
- blood spatter interpretation
- burn pattern mapping
- vehicle collision reconstruction
- image analysis and rectification
- physics
- post blast analysis

85
Q

Information sources for outdoor scenes

A
  • city planning
  • property manager
  • architects/ engineers
  • city building permits office
  • natural resources defense dept.

Mapping Exam ! (1 decks)

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