mar final Flashcards
(200 cards)
1
Q
biology
A
2
Q
characteristics of life
A
3
Q
ecology
A
4
Q
abiotic characteristics
A
5
Q
biotic characteristics
A
6
Q
resources
A
7
Q
aquatic abiotic factors
A
8
Q
terrestrial and abiotic characteristics
A
9
Q
why does earth have such diverse life?
A
location, spherical shape, gravitational pull of moon
10
Q
why do we have different ecosystems?
A
differences in sunlight intensity leads to differences in warming
11
Q
how do winds form?
A
difference in warming leads to different temperatures of air; different air temperatures lead to density differences
12
Q
what causes ocean currents and waves?
A
air movement, wind
13
Q
why is there seasonal temperature variability?
A
earth’s orbit
14
Q
what is earth’s tilt?
A
23.5
15
Q
what causes tides?
A
gravitational pull of the moon
16
Q
3 types of marine ecosystems
A
intertidal, coastal/shallow subtidal, oceanic
17
Q
intertidal marine ecosystems (characteristics)
A
18
Q
3 types of intertidal marine ecosystems
A
rocky intertidal, mudflat, estuary
19
Q
rocky intertidal characteristics
A
20
Q
mudflat characteristics
A
21
Q
estuary characteristics
A
22
Q
2 shallow subtidal marine ecosystems
A
coral reef, kelp forest
23
Q
coral reef ecosystem characteristics
A
24
Q
kelp forest ecosystem characteristics
A
25
2 deep water marine ecosystems
epipelagic, abyssal zone
26
epipelagic zone characteristics
27
abyssal zone characteristics
28
organism
29
population
30
community
31
ecosystem
32
biosphere
33
population growth rates
34
distribution/dispersion
35
population density
36
2 increases to population size
37
2 decreases to population size
38
immigration
39
natality
40
emigration
41
mortality
42
rate of natural increase "r"
43
biotic potential
44
high vs low biotic potential
45
maximum rate of increase "r"
46
exponential population growth model
47
logistic population growth model
48
carrying capacity
49
lag phase
50
exponential phase
51
deceleration
52
equilibrium
53
r strategists
54
k strategists
55
density independent factors
56
density dependent factors
57
what determines population dispersion and density?
resources
58
resources
59
limiting resources
60
3 dispersal patterns
clumped, uniform, random
61
clumped dispersal pattern
62
uniform dispersal pattern
63
random dispersal pattern
64
age structure diagrams
65
life history cycle graph
66
factors that determine community diversity
67
community structure
68
2 components of community diversity
species richness, species evenness
69
species richness
70
species evenness
71
community structure is determined by
72
abiotic (non-living) interactions that determine community structure
73
biotic (living) interactions that determine community structure
74
habitat
75
ecological niche
76
fundamental niche
77
realized niche
78
competition
79
intra-specific competition
80
inter-specific competition
81
competitive exclusion principle
82
resource partitioning
83
predation
84
herbivory
85
predation/herbivory as a biological interaction
86
herbivory defenses
87
predation defenses
88
predator adaptations
89
prey defenses
90
predation/herbivory cycles
91
symbiosis
92
mutualistic
93
commensal
94
parasitic
95
factors that determine community diversity
species of significance (keystone species), non-native species, disturbance and succession, primary production and efficient transfer of energy
96
keystone species
97
non-native species
98
succession
99
primary succession
100
secondary succession
101
3 domains of life
bacteria, eukaryota, archaea
102
2 types of autotrophs in domain Prokarya
chemoautotrophs (chemicals) and photoautotrophs (solar energy)
103
chemoautotrophs
104
cyanobacteria
105
example of cyanobacteria
trichodesmium
106
3 forms of cyanobacteria
107
25% of net primary production
prochlorococcus and synechococcus
108
marine virus
109
virus
110
virus intracellular stage and replication cycle
111
bacteriophages
112
lytic cycle
113
lysogenic cycle
114
ecological and biogeochemical importance of viruses
new pathway of C and N cycling for primary producers and consumers, algal bloom control, may "rob" larger grazers of food, may shape global climate, genetic transfer, regulate diversity in bacteria and phytoplankton
115
which taxonomic groups can photosynthesize
plants, protists, and bacteria
116
which processes are forms of primary production
photosynthesis and chemosynthesis
117
2 types of prokaryotic primary producers
chemoautotrophic bacteria, photoautotrophic bacteria
118
3 types of eukaryotic primary producers
microalgae protists (phytoplankton), macroalgae protists (seaweed), plants (seagrasses)
119
characteristics of macroalgae (seaweed)
thallus, holdfast, pneumatocysts, stipe, frond
120
how are macroalgae groups determined?
pigments and other morphological and reproductive characteristics
121
3 groups of macroalgae
green algae, red algae, brown algae
122
green algae
chlorophyta, chlorophyll a, store energy as start, cellulose in cell walls
123
red algae
rhodophyta, chlorophyll a and phycobillins, store energy as starch, cellulose and agar and carrageenan in cell walls
124
brown algae
phaeophyta, chlorophyll a and fucoxanthin, store energy as laminarin, cellulose and algin in cell walls
125
what marine ecosystems can you find a significant amount of macroalgae?
rocky intertidal, rocky subtidal (kelp forests), coral reefs
126
kingdom plantae
127
what are all marine plants?
angiosperms and vascularized
128
angiosperms
flowering plants
129
examples of angiosperms/marine plants
mangrove trees and shrubs, salt marsh plants, dune plants, seagrasses
130
adaptations of marine plants
complex root systems for stability and acquisition of resources, salt storage and elimination, tough waxy leaves and outer cuticle
131
autotrophs
132
examples of autotrophs
133
heterotrophs
134
3 types of heterotrophs
135
herbivores
136
carnivores
137
omnivores
138
heterotrophic detritovores
139
examples of heterotrophic detritovores
140
heterotrophic decomposers
141
examples of heterotrophic decomposers
142
primary production
143
photosynthesis
144
chemosynthesis
145
aerobic cellular respiration
146
gross primary production
147
net primary production
148
what areas have the highest rates of primary production
149
do areas of upwelling have high primary production
yes, deep water contains nutrients
150
do the seasons affect the rate of primary production?
yes, higher in summer - more sun=more photosynthesis
151
what zone is the main source of primary production
euphotic zone
152
how does the abyssal zone receive primary production
chemosynthesis
153
how do we measure primary production in the ocean?
cell counts (microscopy), chlorophyll a concentration, satellite imagery, dissolved oxygen, c14 uptake
154
how does energy transfer from producers to consumers?
155
food chain
156
trophic level
157
food web
158
energy pyramids
159
evolution
160
adaptation to environment
161
"descent with modification"
162
gene
163
genotype
164
phenotype
165
how to understand relatedness of organisms?
extant organisms, fossils of organisms
166
167
comparative anatomy
168
scala naturae
169
"fixity" of a species
170
fossils
171
catastrophism
172
extinction
173
vestigial structures
174
Lamark's theory
"inheritance of acquired characteristics
175
"inheritance of acquired characteristics"
176
Malthus
177
Charles Darwin
178
biogeography
179
Darwin's essential observations
180
Wallace's essential observations
181
theory of evolution
182
current evidence for natural selection
biogeographical, anatomical, developmental similarities, molecular analysis, direct observations of change in frequency (proportion) of traits in a population
183
population genetics
184
microevolution
change in allele frequency in a population
185
nucleic acids
186
DNA
187
nucleic acid structure
one phosphate group and one nitrogenous base
188
nitrogenous base types
189
allele
alternative forms of a gene (dominant and recessive)
190
2 causes of genetic variation
mutation, sexual reproduction
191
mutation
a change in genetic code (creates genetic variation)
192
sexual reproduction
leads to different combinations of alleles, offspring have different alleles than parents (maintain variation)
193
incomplete dominance
heterozygote has phenotypes that is in between (mixed)
194
codominance
heterozygote has phenotype where both alleles are fully expressed (cow - black and white)
195
gene pool
the alleles of genes in all the individuals of a population
196
frequency of alleles, incomplete or codominance
p + q = 1
197
frequency of genotypes, complete dominance
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
198
5 assumptions of hardy-weinberg equilibrium
1. no selection
2. no mutation
3. no migration
4. large population
5. random mating
199
conditions that might change the allele frequencies leading to evolution
1. new mutations
2. natural selection
3. non-random mating
4. gene flow
5. genetic drift
200
new mutations
changing the order of units within DNA either as single or multiple units which can be passed on to subsequent generations
