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2025 Progress Tests > March 2025 > Flashcards

March 2025 Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

Isotopes

A

Different neutrons
Same number of protons

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2
Q

Difference between visible light photons and X-ray photons in terms of frequency

A

X-ray photons are high frequency, visible light photons are low frequency

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3
Q

Characteristic radiation

A

X-ray photon emitted by characteristic has energy level equivalent to the energy level difference between the outer and inner shell electron involved in the transition. Vary between atoms.

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4
Q

Gray (Gy)

A

Equal to the dose of one joule of energy absorbed per kg of matter

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5
Q

Compton scatter inversely proportional to

A

kVp

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6
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of the same element with the same atomic number but different neutron numbers

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7
Q

Attenuation

A

Intensity of the primary X-ray beam is reduced as X-rays interact with the tissue its passing through

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8
Q

Absorption

A

Some energy is transferred from the X-ray photons to the atoms of the tissue

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9
Q

Bucky with a grid vibrates during exposure

A

Removes grid lines from the image

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10
Q

Penumbra

A

In relation to image formation, not related to the image receptor but does affect image unsharpness

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11
Q

60kvp and 15 mas, ma set at 10. Exposure time =?

A

1.5

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12
Q

Centring points

A

X-ray beam diverges from the central point and causes distortion of anatomical structures that aren’t perpendicular to the Incident beam which will distort structures at the edge of Fov

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13
Q

Anti scatter grids both used for all

A

Smaller body parts produce less scatter , image can be achieved without. Avoids associated risk of increase in dose

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14
Q

Quantum detection efficiency

A

Defined for a specific kvp

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15
Q

Effective quantum defective efficiency

A

Over the spectrum of X-rays incident on the detector

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16
Q

Fluoro - purpose of having a foot step

A

The foot step is to enable a patient to be moved from supine to erect

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17
Q

Bucky assembly

A

Assists in reducing the amount of scatter reaching the imaging detector

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18
Q

Cathode

A

Acts as positive electron
It is the controlled source of the beam of electrons where are accelerated across the tube to bombard the anode target

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19
Q

Function of photocathode in fluoro tube

A

Releases electrons in direct proportion to the visible light from the input phosphorus that is incident on its surface

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20
Q

High dynamic range (flat panel detectors)

A

Detector can detect a wider range of brightness and or colour. It can capture (for display) more subtle differences in tentative properties between tissues/ structures

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21
Q

Inherent filtration

A

Material permanent within X-ray tube. Positioned at X-ray tube window, always altered the quality of the beam

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22
Q

Autotransformer

A

Provides means for kvp selection
Compensates for fluctuations in incoming voltage
Provides power to other parts of circuit

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23
Q

Remedial level

A

The performance of the equipment lies outside of recognised tolerance limits and action must be taken within reasonable time frame

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24
Q

Line pairs per millimeter (lp/mm)

A

Qc - monitor and assess spatial resolution

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25
Qc tests that could have results effective by mechanical damage/ wear and tear.
Light beam diaphragm alignment
26
27
Material permanent within X-ray assembly, alters quality of X-ray beam
Inherent filtration
28
Functions of auto transformer
1. Means for kvp selection 2. Compensates for fluctuations in the incoming voltage 3. Provides power to other parts of X-ray circuit
29
Remedial level
Performance of the equipment lies outside of recognised tolerance limits, action must be taken in reasonable time frame.
30
Assess spatial resolution
Line pairs per mm (lp/mm)
31
QC test where mechanical damage can affect results
Light beam diaphragm alignment
32
Abdomen divisions
RUQ LUQ RLQ LLQ
33
Structures of kidney
Renal cortex outer part Renal pelvis inner part attaches to ureter Renal medulla lumpy part Renal artery on top Renal vein underneath artery
34
Bones most predominant organic tissue
Type 1 collagen fibres (90%)
35
Conus medullaris
Located 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebra
36
In GI tract contains lymph tissue, describes as vestigial
Appendix
37
Nerve plexus supplies pelvis and lower limb, anterior to piriformis
Sacral plexus
38
Intra abdominal organ partially retroperitoneal
Pancreas
39
Bone growth part of epiphyseal growth plate “situated closest to the epiphysis and anchors the growth plate and anchors the growth plate to the epiphysis
The resting or quiescent zone
40
Physiological process does NOT require calcium for function
Bone marrow formation
41
Bursa function
Reduce friction by separating adjacent structures such as bone and tendon
42
Function of organic and inorganic bone tissue
The mineral inorganic component provides strength The organic tissue provides flexibility (prevents brittle bones)
43
Function of rugae (GI system)
Contraction of the stomach causing the food to churn aiding digestion
44
Layer of uterus consists of smooth muscle, hypertrophy and hyperplasia during pregnancy
Myometrium
45
Spinal nerves divide into rami once passed through foramina. Which 2 supplied nerves to synovial joints of the vertebral column
Posterior rami
46
Calculate no of atoms left after 4 half lives if you start with 650 atoms
40.625 (half 4 times)
47
Mag SID/ SOD 200cm SID and SOD 170cm
200/170 =1.176 1.176
48
Genetic effect
Suffered by the offspring of the individual who has been exposed to
49
IRR 2017 Employees responsibility is pregnant
Notify in writing
50
IRR 2017 Employer do with PPE eg lead aprons
Examined at intervals and maintained
51
State of reproduction on a cell have on its sensitivity
Actively reproducing cells are more radiosensitive. Direct interaction of radiation with DNA during cell reproduction = cell death or mutation
52
Cancer associated with people who have mined uranium
Lung cancer
53
IRMER 2017 definition in entitlement
Legal responsibility To act as 1/3 duty holders referrer, practitioner and operator
54
Following records NOT need to keep under IRMER 2017
Job application forms and CVS of all applicants
55
Spatial resolution of image
Extent to which fine detail can be visualised on an image
56
Biological effect of radiation
More profound effect on cells that reproduce rapidly such as stomach lining, hair follicles, bone marrow and embryos
57
Phishing and vishing
Vishing is the phone equivalent of a phishing scam
58
Effect of low pass filtering in the spatial domain
SMOOTHING - each pixels grayscale is average with surrounding pixel values to remove high frequency noise.
59
WW And WL in CT Keep number of shades of grey (HU) the same but make image brighter
Keep WW SAME Higher WL
60
To detect tissue boundaries with pulsed U/S…
It is desirable that the incident beam strikes the tissue surface at right angles
61
NOT a valid clinical indication for dental radiography
Checking fit of dental brace
62
Advantage of helical scanning in CT
Continuous rotation of X-ray tube Permits faster rotation times Faster scanning
63
A voltage is applied to a crystal which expands, contracts when that voltage is reversed. If crystal is compressed it generates a voltage and when it expands it produces a voltage that is reversed of the first
Piezoelectric effect basis of U/S generation and detection within the probe
64
Breast compression
Equalise breast thickness Tortoise radiograph with homogeneous density across the whole breast
65
Quickest T1 recovery
Blue circle starts at 0 increases up and then levels off
66
Which is correct?
Ultrasound travels through a medium by waves of compression and rarefaction
67
Gamma camera - how much does a photomultiplier tube typically amplify the initial incident electron
Factor of 4
68
Flood test purpose for a gamma camera
Ensure that all photomultiplier tubes are functioning correctly
69
QC tests performed by radiopharmacist when preparing radio pharmaceuticals
Dab and broth tests
70
QC test called breakthrough test during radiopharmaceutical administration, what is the purpose
To ensure no traces of molybdenum 99 are present in the technetium 99m.
71
Mammo - what is the accepted upper limit of missed tissue at chest wall
5mm
72
NOT a potential side effect of a CTPA
Pneumothorax
73
Dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces above an obstruction called
Hydronephrosis
74
Disorder of the pituitary gland
Diabetes insipidus
75
NOT a cause for bursitis
Osteoarthritis
76
Barrett’s oesophagus and likelihood of malignancy
High association with development of malignancy
77
Blood test to measure troponin levels. X-ray referral?
Suspected myocardial infarction ( heart attack)
78
Meningitis
Inflammation of pia matter and arachnoid matter( two of meninges layers that cover the brain and spinal cord)
79
Pagets disease
Common chronic metabolic disease of Skelton - affects twice as many males. Bone destruction - followed by repair that results in weak deformed and thickened bone Pelvis, femoral, skull, tibia, vertebrae clavicles and ribs
80
Non ionic iodinated contrast is preferred why?
IONIC is 4x number of reactions, and 5.5 times more likely to cause severe reaction.
81
Ionic dimer
tri-iodinated benzene rings with various side chains that contain polar alcohol (-OH) groups that make them water-soluble 3.
82
How are images in PET created?
Coincidence detection 2 gamma photons with energy of 511 keV, emitted 180 deg to each other. Only the photons that bit the detector at the same time are counted.
83
Product license
Accepted range of use of the contrast agent
84
Difference between general GAD used in brain imaging AND contrast used for imaging the liver parenchyma.
General- passes through the extra cellular space, excreted via glomerular filtration. Liver - taken up by liver cell and excreted by biliary pathway.
85
Contrast agents in U/S considered low risk why?
Micro bubbles of perfluorocarbon or sulfur hexafluoride naturally absorbed by patients body
86
Order of introduction
PF wet film processing PF daylight processing CR DR
87
Cad in relation to medical imaging
Computer aided detection
88
Movement towards higher filed MRI scanner (3T compared with 1.5T)
Higher field strength = greater SNR lead to improved resolution and/or scan times
89
Differences between CT linac snd MRI linac
MRI introduced considerations relating to safety screening of patients MRI scans are longer so anatomical and physiological movement may also be more of an issue.
90
Disruptive technology
Introduction of MRI
91
DICOM
Digital imaging and communication I. Medicine
92
Co- registration (digital images)
Combining multiple complementary modalities in a single image
93
Dicom standard enabled
Has enabled images to be viewed on any manufacturers equipment.
94
Digital image processing - line sensor definition
Has 1D array of sensors Sensor moves in a single axis to acquire an image Sensor size and sampling rate determine spatial resolution
95
Why firewalls relevant to medical imaging
Digital systems are networked Imaging equipment is accessible to engineers who can log in remotely Must be protected against malicious attacks via firewalls
96
Max fine if breach GDPR
€20 million
97
Saccades?
Rapid jerky eye movement executed by the eye as it scans an image
98
What would be classed as a false positive
Mistaking a normal lung marking for a small pulmonary nodule
99
Definition of sensitivity (reporting)
The proportion of positives that are correctly identified.
100
Why is it common for people to visually scan an image with eyes when reporting
Visual acuity is greatest at centre (foveal vision) moving the eyes around takes advantage of this. Large patterns to be recognised
101
Relevance of viewing distance and image perception
Optimal viewing distance can very depending on the size of the lesion - so moving closer to or further away from an image can help objects to be perceived

2025 Progress Tests (1 decks)

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