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OS108 & OS109 > Marine Invertebrates > Flashcards

Marine Invertebrates Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

What is included in the Kingdom Metazoa

A

Multicellular animals with differentiated tissues.

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2
Q

What is included in the Kingdom Protazoa

A

Single celled organisms, often microscopic

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3
Q

Name the two separate groups Metazoa is split into, and the difference between the two.

A

Protostomes and Deuterostomes

The blastopore in Protostomes are developed into a mouth while the blastopore in
Deuterostomes is developed into an anal opening.

Results due to location of Mesoderm in Embryo.

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4
Q

What sort of species are included in Protostomes?

A

Primitive Invertebrates

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5
Q

What sort of species are included in Deuterostomes?

A

Chordates and Echinoderms.

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6
Q

Which three groups can be separated by body cavity type?

A

True Coelomate – body cavity between
ectoderm and mesoderm

Pseudocoelomate– body cavity between
mesoderm and endoderm

Acoelomate – no body cavity

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7
Q

What is the common term for Phylum Porifera?

A

Sponges

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8
Q

Describe the feeding type, Growth cycle, and Sex characteristics of Sponges

A
  • Sessile, filter feeders (suspension feeders)
  • Indeterminate growth (doesn’t stop)
  • Most are Hermaphrodites (both male & female) and can reproduce sexually and asexually
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9
Q

What specialized cells and feature of Sponges aid filter feeding?

A

Choanocyte cells with flagella create a current that draws water and so nutrients through their pores into the cavity (spongocoel)

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10
Q

Define Spicules and Spongin as part of sponges skeletal structure.

A

Spicules - tiny spine-like structures made of silicone (SiO2) or calcium
carbonate (CaCO3)

Spongin - Fibrous meshwork of tough proteins.

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11
Q

Describe the Sponge class ‘Hexactinellida’

A

Deep water “glass” sponges, often fused vase shaped structures, 10-30 cm in height

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12
Q

Describe the Sponge class ‘Calcarea’

A

Found world-wide on subtidal rocky shores
* Structure from spicules of calcium carbonate.
* Tough, leathery feel, encrusting or low-growing.

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13
Q

Describe the Sponge class ‘Demospongiae’

A

Largest class, 90% of all species (including bath sponges)
* Structure includes silicon spicules and spongin
* Huge variation in colour, size and form

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14
Q

Name the Predators of Sponges

A

Hawksbill sea turtles
Angelfish
Sea slugs
Some starfish

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15
Q

What are the three main groups of the Phylum Cnidaria?

A

HYDROZOA (Hydroids)
- Alternate polyp / medusa forms.
-Colonial, with both Polyp and Medusa forms on them
ANTHOZOA (Corals & Anemones)
- only occur as polyps
- Largest taxon in Cnidaria
SCYPHOZOA (Jellyfish)
- generally medusa. In coastal species, a small
polyp stage persists, lost in oceanic forms
- Solitary, Active swimmers

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16
Q

What is the ‘Coelenteron’ within species of Cnidaria?

A

gastrovascular cavity acting as a gut, enabling digestion, circulation, reproduction and excretion.

No through cavity or gut (mouth but no anus)

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17
Q

What are ‘Cnidocytes’?

A

Specialised stinging cells, inject toxin to stun and trap prey.

Nematocysts (coiled cell with barb on end) fire out in response to predation, competition,
protection.

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18
Q

What type of feeders are Cnidarians

A

Suspension

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19
Q

Name the two types of Asexual reproduction in Cnidarians

Study These Flashcards
A

Budding and Fission

20
Q

Describe the life cycle and Sexual reproduction of Hydrozoans

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A

Polyp - Medusa - Larva - Polyp

Hermaphoditic (both sexes) hydrozoans spawn Gametes, Fertalized in water, Larvae formed, plants itself to substrate as Juvenile Polyp.

21
Q

Describe the life cycle and Sexual reproduction of Scyphozoans

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A

Medusa - Larva - Polyp (occasionally in coastal species) - Medusa

Hermaphoditic (both sexes) scyphozoans spawn Gametes, Fertilized in water, Larvae formed, Remains Medusa

22
Q

What is the main group of the Phylum Ctenophora/

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A

Comb Jellies
- Do not have Cnida
- Swim using Cilia
- suspension feeders

23
Q

What is the difference in predation between Ctenophora and Cnidarians

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A

Ctenophora have Colloblasts which shoot out of tentacles and stick to prey rather than stinging prey like the Nematocysts in Cnidarians

24
Q

What are the main groups within the Phylum Ectoprota?

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A

Moss Animals (Bryozoans)
Superficially similar to corals
* Have a hard ‘exoskeleton’ and build
colonial reefs
*Can be found on all types of hard
substrates from sand to rocks, shells,
wood and kelp blades
*Generally sessile and immobile
*Can reproduce sexually and asexually
*Most are hermaphrodites

25
Describe the Gut structure of Ectoprots
Have a true gut – coelom * Bilaterally symmetrical * Triploblastic (three germ tissue layers)
26
What is the main group in the Phylum Branciopoda
Branchiopods (lamp shells) Been on earth at least 550 million years *Can be attached by a stalk or directly to the sediment *Open and close shell to capture food from passing currents * Resemble clams but shelled hinged dorso ventrally not lateral as in molluscs
27
Describe the 'Lophophore' seen in Brachiopoda and Ectoprocta
A fleshy, hollow organ (the lophophore) between the two valves, which has long twisted or coiled arms and filaments. Cilia (hair-like organs) attached to the filaments beat rapidly, drawing in food-bearing water currents
28
What is the common name for the Phylum Platyhelminthes?
Flatworms
29
Describe the anatomy of Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
Bilateral symmetry. Dorso-ventrally flattened. Simple body plan – blind gut, no body cavity (acoelomates)
30
Describe the reproduction within Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
Asexual reproduction – Animal splits in two halves (head and tail) and regenerate Sexual reproduction - hermaphroditic, using hypodermic insemination * No specific receptor site, just try to stab each other anywhere, then hang on and transfer sperm
31
Describe the Phylum Rotifera
small (200 µm) * multicellular with specialised organ structures * mostly benthic – feed on protists
32
Describe the three classes of Rotifera Phylum
Bdelloidea are characterized by a large corona and telescopic body. Monogononta have a smaller corona than Bdelloid rotifers and have a single gonad (body segment), which gives the class its name. Seisonidae are saltwater rotifers found on the gills of Nebalia, a marine crustacean. They have a large body and elongate neck with reduced corona Bilateral symmetry
33
Describe the Reproduction Process of Rotifera Phylum
unusual reproduction – parthenogenesis – eggs produced by mitosis and always hatch into females only non feeding males only for reproduction during environmental stress. some species have been asexual for 35 million years
34
Describe the Phylum Nematoda
Round Worms Straight through gut (Pseudocoelomates) Complex body wall and musculature Hydrostatic skeleton Range in size from
35
Describe the feeding and reproduction of Phylum Nematoda
Live in decomposing organic matter in the bottom of coastal seas and oceans. micro- scavengers, predators, decomposers Reproduce sexually – 100,000 eggs per day.
36
General description and anatomy of Phylum Mollusca
Soft-bodied animals, usually with a calcium carbonate shell (reduced or absent in some). Possess a mantle, visceral mass, and foot. Most have a radula (toothed tongue-like organ) and gills. Coelomates with bilateral symmetry. Circulatory system: open in most (except cephalopods).
37
Name the main groups within the Phylum Mollusca
Polyplacophora (chitons) – 8-plated shells. Gastropoda (snails, slugs) – torsion occurs in development. Bivalvia (clams, mussels) – two shells, filter feeders. Cephalopoda (squid, octopus) – closed circulation, advanced eyes, jet propulsion.
38
Describe the reproductive processes of the various Mollusca Phylum groups
Mostly dioecious, some hermaphroditic (notably in gastropods). Fertilization varies: - External in bivalves and chitons. - Internal in cephalopods and some gastropods. - Many have larval stages (trochophore and veliger).
39
Describe the feeding and digestive ability of Mollusca
Complete digestive system with radula for feeding (absent in bivalves). Filter feeding in bivalves via gills. Cephalopods are active predators, using beaks (made of extremely tough chitin) and radula.
40
General Description & Anatomy of Annelida
Segmented worms; body divided into metameres. Closed circulatory system. Coelomate with hydrostatic skeleton.
41
Describe the 3 key groups of Annelida
Class Polychaeta (“lots of bristles”), - mostly marine, mobile and burrowing Class Oligochaeta (“few bristles), - freshwater and terrestrial, includes earthworms Class Hirudinea- leeches - mostly freshwater, some marine
42
General Description & Anatomy of Arthropoda
Segmented body, exoskeleton of chitin, jointed appendages. Undergo ecdysis (molting). Open circulatory system, hemocoel.
43
Name the key marine groups in the Phylum Arthropoda
Copepoda– e.g. Calanus sp. Cirripedia– barnacles Ostracoda– very small crustacea <1mm in length Malacostraca – crabs and shrimps
44
Which Arthropoda group made up their own subphyla?
Crustaceans Dominate the plankton
45
Difference between Holoplankton and Meroplankton
Whole life spent as plankton - holoplankton
46
Describe the Reproductive process of Arthropoda
Mostly dioecious, internal fertilization. Some crustaceans brood eggs; larval stages often include nauplius.
47
Describe the Digestive process of Arthropoda
Complete digestive system: mouthparts vary widely. Crustaceans have gastric mills (chitinous teeth) in the stomach.

OS108 & OS109 (5 decks)

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