Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Marine Science 30324 > Marine organisms > Flashcards

Marine organisms Flashcards

Learn some of the main groups of plankton, nekton, and benthos (94 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the general name for those organisms that live free in the water but can’t successfully swim against the ocean currents (are ultimately at their mercy)?

A

Plankton

The drifters

  • In terms of large scale movement, just go with the flow
  • The key is their ability to move relative to the currents: it’s not that they can’t swim at all (although indeed many can’t), but rather that what swimming they can achieve isn’t enough to overcome an overall drifting with the currents
  • Even those that can swim quite well for their size simply can’t cover the distance necessary to escape the currents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the general name for the photosynthetic plankton?

A

Phytoplankton

  • Comprised of cyanobacteria (a type of photosynthetic bacteria) and various protists
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the general name for the nonphotosynthetic (heterotrophic) eukaryotic plankton?

A

Zooplankton

  • Comprised of various animals and protists
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the general name for the prokaryotic plankton?

A

Bacterioplankton

  • As a practical matter, this is typically meant to refer just to the nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic plankton (since the photosynthetic ones are functionally phytoplankton)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the general name for the viral (as in literally viruses) plankton?

A

Virioplankton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the general name for organisms that spend every stage of their life (their entire life cycle) as plankton?

A

Holopolankton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the general name for those organisms that only live a portion of their life (certain stages of their life cycle) as plankton?

A

Meroplankton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the general name for organisms that live free in the water and can successfully swim against the ocean currents (are not simply at their mercy–can go against the flow)?

A

Nekton

The swimmers

  • Can cover enough distance to escape the currents and achieve movement independent of the water motion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the general name for those organisms that live in or on the seafloor?

A

Benthos

The bottom dwellers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the name for those organisms that swim independently of the currents, but are also strongly associated with the sea floor?

A

Demersal organisms

Nektonic, but also benthic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Generally speaking, what are plankton?

A

Drifters: organisms that live free in the water but can’t successfully swim against the ocean currents (are ultimately at their mercy)

  • In terms of large scale movement, just go with the flow
  • The key is their ability to move relative to the currents: it’s not that they can’t swim at all (although indeed many can’t), but rather that what swimming they can achieve isn’t enough to overcome an overall drifting with the currents
  • Even those that can swim quite well for their size simply can’t cover the distance necessary to escape the currents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Generally speaking, what are phytoplankton?

A

Photosynthetic plankton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Generally speaking, what are zooplankton?

A

Nonphotosynthetic eukaryotic plankton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Generally speaking, what are bacterioplankton?

A

Prokaryotic plankton,
especially the nonphotosynthetic ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Generally speaking, what are virioplankton?

A

Viral (as in literally viruses) plankton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Generally speaking, what are holoplankton?

A

Those organisms that spend every stage of their life (their entire life cycle) as plankton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Generally speaking, what are meroplankton?

A

Those organisms that spend only a part of their life as plankton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Generally speaking, what are nekton?

A

Swimmers: organisms that live free in the water and can swim against the ocean currents (are not ultimately at their mercy)

  • Can cover enough distance to escape and achieve movement independent of the water motion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Generally speaking, what are benthos?

A

Bottom dwellers: organisms that live in or on the seafloor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Generally speaking, what are demersal organisms?

A

Organisms that swim like nekton, but are also strongly associated with the sea floor like benthos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the term for the main (most common) photosynthetic bacteria?

A

Cyanobacteria

  • Mainly planktonic (= phytoplankton)
  • Technically bacterioplankton as well, but nobody thinks of them that way (their importance is as contributors to photosynthesis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the large unicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes with cell walls of silica (glass) called?

A

Diatoms

  • Mainly planktonic (= phytoplankton), but some benthic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the name for the large phytoplankton that have two flagella in grooves, one longitudinal (down the length) and one transverse (encircling the waist)?

  • This causes them to spin while swimming
A

Dinoflagellates

  • Mainly planktonic and photosynthetic (= phytoplankton), but some are heterotrophic and/or endosymbiotic
  • Their main, important role as a group is photosynthesis
  • dino = “whirling” in this case
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the name for the medium sized phytoplankton that are armored in a coating of overlapping calcium carbonate plates?

A

Coccolithophores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Which group are the single-celled nonphotosynthetic eukaryotes that extend threadlike pseudopodia through pores in their shell made of calcium carbonate or, less commonly, scavenged mineral particles?
**Foraminiferans** * Mainly benthic, but some planktonic | (foraminifera, forams)
26
What is the name of the single-celled zooplankton that have skeletons of silica (glass) and pseudopodia that radiate out from their central mass?
**Radiolarians** | (radiolaria)
27
Which zooplankton are single-celled, ciliated, and shaped like a vase?
**Tintinnids**
28
What is the name for the group of large carnivorous zooplankton that are ovoid, globular, and transparent, usually with two sticky contractile tentacles and eight comb bands formed of fused cilia running down their bodies? ## Footnote Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Ctenophora
**Ctenophores** | (comb jellies)
29
What is the name for the group of etremely large, carnivorous zooplankton characterized by a "medusa" stage consisting of a bell or umbrella morphology with trailing tentacles full of stinging cells? ## Footnote Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Cnidaria
**Jellies** * Also have a polyp stage that is frequently benthic | (jellyfish)
30
What is the name for the group of teardrop- or torpedo-shaped herbivorous zooplankton that are typically about 1-2mm long with two pronounced antennae? ## Footnote Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Crustacea
**Copepods** * There are also some benthic and parasitic species
31
What is the name for the large (\> 1 cm) zooplankton that look like glassy anorexic shrimp? ## Footnote Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Crustacea
**Euphausiids** * Typically herbivorous | (krill)
32
What are the names for the large zooplankton with stalked eyes and sometimes a calcareous shell, with a flattened foot that acts as a fin for swimming? Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda
with shell: **Pteropods** (sea butterflies) and without shell: **Heteropods** (sea elephants)
33
What is the name for the long, arrow-shaped carnivorous zooplankton with a head, trunk, and tail, often with one or two pairs of lateral fins? ## Footnote Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chaetognatha
**Chaetognaths** | (arrow worms)
34
What is the name for the very large barrel-shaped transparent zooplankton that propel themselves forward by squirting water out of their bodies? ## Footnote Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata
**Salps** * Sometimes divide asexually via budding to form long chains (colonies)
35
What is the name for the group of multicellular algae that are typically yellowish-brownish to greenish in color, and includes the giant kelps? ## Footnote Kingdom: Chromista Division (Phylum): Ochrophyta Class: Phaeophyceae
**Brown algae** | (phaeophytes)
36
What is the name for the group of multicellular algae that are typically reddish in color? ## Footnote Kingdom: Archaeplastida (Plantae) Division (Phylum): Rhodophyta
**Red algae** | (rhodophytes)
37
What is the name for the group of multicellular algae that are typically bright green in color? ## Footnote Kingdom: Archaeplastida (Plantae) Division (Phylum): Chlorophyta
**Green algae** | (chlorophytes)
38
What are these?
**Cyanobacteria** ## Footnote Photosynthetic bacteria, important as phytoplankton
39
What are these?
**Diatoms** Large unicellular phytoplankton with cell walls of silica (glass) * Mainly planktonic, but some benthic
40
What are these?
**Coccolithophores** ## Footnote Medium sized phytoplankton armored in a coating of overlapping calcium carbonate plates
41
What are these?
**Dinoflagellates** Large phytoplankton having two flagella in grooves, one longitudinal (down its length) and one transverse (encircling its waist) * This causes them to spin while swimming (*dino* = "whirling" in this case)
42
What are these?
**Foraminiferans** Single-celled heterotrophic eukaryotes that extend threadlike pseudopodia through pores in their shells made of calcium carbonate or, less commonly, scavenged mineral particles * Mainly benthic, some planktonic | (foraminifera, forams)
43
What are these?
**Radiolarians** | (radiolaria) ## Footnote Single-celled zooplankton with skeletons of silica (glass) and pseudopodia that radiate out from their central mass
44
What are these?
**Tintinnids** ## Footnote Single-celled, ciliated zooplankton that are shaped like a vase
45
What are these? * Common name for the group * Kingdom * Division (phylum) * Class
**Brown algae** ## Footnote Kingdom: Chromista Division (Phylum): Ochrophyta Class: Phaeophyceae
46
What are these? * Common name for the group * Kingdom * Division (phylum)
**Red algae** ## Footnote Kingdom: Archaeplastida (Plantae) Division (Phylum): Rhodophyta
47
What are these? * Common name for the group * Kingdom * Division (phylum)
**Green algae** ## Footnote Kingdom: Archaeplastida (Plantae) Division (Phylum): Chlorophyta
48
What are these? * General common name * Kingdom * Phylum
**Sponges** Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Porifera
49
What kind of organism is this? * General common name * Main characteristics * Kingdom * Phylum
**Ctenophore** | (comb jelly) ## Footnote Very large, globular, usually ovoid, transparent, carnivorous zooplankter usually with eight comb bands formed of fused cilia running down its body and two sticky contractile tentacles Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Ctenophora
50
What are these? * General common name * Main characteristics * Kingdom * Phylum
**Jellies** Extremely large, carnivorous zooplankton characterized by "medusa" stage consisting of a bell or umbrella morphology with trailing tentacles full of stinging cells * Have a polyp stage, frequently benthic, in their life cycle as well Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Cnidaria | (jellyfish)
51
What is this? * General common name * Kingdom * Phylum * Class
**Sea anemone** Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Cnidaria Class: Anthozoa
52
What are these? * General common name * Kingdom * Phylum * Class
**Soft (Alcyonacid) corals** Sea fans (Gorgonians), sea fingers, sea whips, sea pens, etc. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Cnidaria Class: Anthozoa
53
What are these? * General common name * Kingdom * Phylum * Class
**Stony (Scleractinid) corals** Elkhorn, staghorn, shelf or table, brain, mushroom, fire, encrusting, etc. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Cnidaria Class: Anthozoa * May be individual, colonial, or reef-building colonial (hermatypic)
54
What are these? * General common name * Kingdom * Phylum * Class
**Sea stars** Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Echinodermata Class: Asteroidea | (starfish)
55
What are these? * General common name * Kingdom * Phylum * Class
**Brittle stars** Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Echinodermata Class: Ophiuroidea
56
What are these? * General common name * Kingdom * Phylum * Class
**Sea urchins** sand dollars are a flattened, burrowing type of sea urchin Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Echinodermata Class: Echinoidea
57
What are these? * General common name * Kingdom * Phylum * Class
**Sea cucumbers** Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Echinodermata Class: Holothuroidea
58
What are these? * General common name * Kingdom * Phylum
**Moss animals** bryozoans Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Bryozoa / Ectoprocta
59
What is this? * General common name * Main characteristics * Kingdom * Phylum
**Chaetognath (arrow worm)** ## Footnote Long, arrow-shaped carnivorous zooplankter with a head, trunk, and tail, often with one or two pairs of lateral fins Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chaetognatha
60
What is this? * Common name * Kingdom * Phylum * Subphylum
**Horseshoe crab** Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Chelicerata
61
What are these? * General common name * Kingdom * Phylum * Class
**Bristle worms** Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Annelida Class: Polychaeta | (polychaetes)
62
What are these? * General common name * Kingdom * Phylum * Class
**Clams** Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Bivalvia
63
What are these? * General common name * Kingdom * Phylum * Class
**Mussels** Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Bivalvia
64
What are these? * General common names * Main characteristics * Kingdom * Phylum * Class
**Pteropods** (sea butterflies; have shell) **Heteropods** (sea elephants; no shell) Large zooplankton with stalked eyes and a flattened foot that acts as a fin for swimming, sometimes with a calcareous shell Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda
65
What are these? * General common name * Kingdom * Phylum * Class
**Sea slugs** Sea hares, nudibranchs, ets. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda
66
What are these? * General common name * Kingdom * Phylum * Class
**Nudibranchs** Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda All nudibranchs are sea slugs, but not all sea slugs are nudibranchs. Nudibranchs ("naked gills") are distinguished from other sea slugs by the tuft of fluffy gills protruding from their rears.
67
What are these? * General common name * Kingdom * Phylum
**Flatworms** Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Platyhelminthes Flatworms are generally much thinner than sea slugs, with less developed tentacle structures on their heads and no external gill tufts as seen in nudibranchs.
68
What are these? * General common name * Kingdom * Phylum * Class
**Limpets** Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda
69
What are these? * General common name * Kingdom * Phylum * Class
**Chitons** Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Polyplacophora
70
What is this? * General common name * Main characteristics * Kingdom * Phylum * Subphylum
**Copepod** Small (typically 1-2 mm long) teardrop- or torpedo-shaped herbivorous zooplankton with two pronounced antennae * There are also some benthic and parasitic species Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Crustacea
71
What are these? * General common name * Main characteristics * Kingdom * Phylum * Subphylum
**Euphausiids** Large (\> 1 cm) zooplankton that look like glassy anorexic shrimp * Mostly herbivorous Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Crustacea | (krill)
72
What are these? * General common name * Kingdom * Phylum * Subphylum
**Crabs** Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Crustacea
73
What are these? * General common name * Kingdom * Phylum * Subphylum
**Shrimp** Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Crustacea
74
What are these? * General common name * Kingdom * Phylum * Subphylum
**Lobsters** Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Crustacea
75
What is this? * General common name * Kingdom * Phylum * Subphylum
**Amphipod** Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Crustacea | (beach flea, beach hopper)
76
What are these? * General common name * Kingdom * Phylum * Subphylum
**Isopods** Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Crustacea
77
What are these? * General common name * Kingdom: Animalia * Phylum * Subphylum
**Acorn barnacles** Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Crustacea
78
What are these? * General common name * Kingdom * Phylum * Subphylum
**Gooseneck barnacles** Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Crustacea
79
What is this? * General common name * Kingdom * Phylum * Class
**Octopus** Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Cephalopoda
80
What are these? * General common name * Kingdom * Phylum * Class
**Squid** Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Cephalopoda
81
What is this? * General common name * Kingdom * Phylum * Class
**Cuttlefish** Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Cephalopoda * There can be a lot of gray area between squid, cuttlefish, and to a lesser extent octopuses, and individual common names often reflect this ambiguity * Example: bobtail squids are really more like cuttlefish
82
What is this? * General common name * Kingdom * Phylum * Class
**Chambered nautilus** Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Cephalopoda
83
What are these? * General common name * Main characteristics * Kingdom * Phylum
**Salps** Large barrel-shaped transparent zooplankton that propel themselves forward by squirting water out their body * Sometimes divide asexually via budding to form long chains (colonies) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata
84
What are these? * General group name * Kingdom * Phylum * Class
**Ray-finned bony (Osteichthyid) fishes** Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii The overwhelming majority of fish in the world are both bony and ray-finned. * The other main branch of bony fishes are the lobe-finned fishes, which we aren't concerned with since there are so few of them
85
What are these? * General group name * Kingdom * Phylum * Class
**Cartilaginous (Chondrichthyid) elasmobranch fishes** Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Elasmobranchii * For our purposes, effectively cartilaginous = elasmobranch * Technically not all cartilaginous fishes belong to the elasmobranchs, since there is one other tiny main branch we will not encounter | (sharks, rays, skates, and sawfish)
86
What is this? * General common name * Kingdom * Phylum * Class
**Sea turtle** Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia
87
What are these? * General common name for the group * Kingdom * Phylum * Class
**Baleen whales** (mysticetid cetaceans) gray, humpback, blue, etc. whales Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia
88
What are these? * General common name for the group * Kingdom * Phylum * Class
**Toothed** **whales** (odontocetid cetaceans) dolphins, orcas, sperm whale, etc. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia
89
What are these? * General common name for the group * Kingdom * Phylum * Class
**True seals** (phocid pinnipeds) harbor seals, elephant seals, leopard seals, etc. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia
90
What is this? * General common name for the group * Kingdom * Phylum * Class
**Sea lions** (otariid pinnipeds) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia
91
What animal is this? * General common name * Kingdom * Phylum * Class
**Walrus** (odobenidid pinniped) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia There is only one species of walrus!
92
What are these? * General common name for the group * Kingdom * Phylum * Class
**Sea cows** manatees and dugongs Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia
93
What is this? * General common name for the group * Kingdom * Phylum * Class
**Sea otter** Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia
94
What are these? * General common name for the group * Kingdom * Phylum * Class
**Penguins** Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves

Marine Science 30324 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions