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Economics Complete AQA AS Revision for MOCK EXAM > Market Failure > Flashcards

Market Failure Flashcards

1
Q

What is the price mechanism?

A

A price mechanism is the manner in which the prices of goods or services affect the supply and demand of goods and services

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2
Q

What is allocation?

A

Allocating scarce resources among competing uses

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3
Q

What is rationing?

A

When there is a shortage in a product prices will rise to deter some consumers from purchasing it.

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4
Q

What is signalling?

A

Changes in price provide information to both consumers and suppliers about changes in market conditions.

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5
Q

What are incentives?

A

An example of an incentive would be as the price of a product rises, quantity supplied increases as businesses respond.

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6
Q

What are 6 types of market failure?

A 
Negative externalities
Positive externalities 
Public goods
Information failures
Monopolies
Immobility
Inequility
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7
Q

What is market failure?

A

This occurs when there is an inefficient allocation of resources in a free market.

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8
Q

What is complete market failure?

A

When the market does not supply products at all- there is a missing market.

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9
Q

What is an example of complete market failure?

A

Pure public goods, missing market in the provision of public goods

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10
Q

What is Partial market failure?

A

When the market functions but it suppliers either the wrong quantity of a product or at the wrong price

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11
Q

What is an example of partial market failure?

A

Negative externalities in production

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12
Q

What are externalities?

A

Externalities are spill-over affects from production and or consumption for which no appropriate compensation is paid to one or more third parties affected.

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13
Q

What is the marginal private cost?

A

MPC is the change to the producers total cost, brought on by the firm producing an additional unit of output.

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14
Q

What is Marginal external cost

A

Cost to third parties from the production of an additional unit of output.

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15
Q

What is marginal social cost?

A

The total cost to society of producing an extra unit of output. MSC=MPC+MEC

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16
Q

What is a private cost?

A

The cost faced by the producer or consumer directly involved in a transaction

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17
Q

What is a social cost?

A

Private cost+ External cost

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18
Q

If social cost exceeds private cost what occurs?

A

Negative externalities

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19
Q

What are social costs?

A

These occur when the activity of one agent has a negative effect on the well being of a third party. The consumer and producer don’t have to pay this cost meaning that output will be too high and market price will be too low in the producers case.

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20
Q

What is marginal private benefit?

A

Benefit to consumer or business of consuming/selling an additional unit of output.

21
Q

What is Marginal external benefit?

A

Benefit to third parties from the consumption of an extra unit of output.

22
Q

What is marginal social benefit?

A

Total benefit to society from consuming an extra unit, MSB=MPB+MEB

23
Q

What are private benefits?

A

Private benefits are the benefits for producer or consumer directly involved in an economic transaction.

24
Q

How can positive externalities in consumption lead to market failure?

A

Positive externalities in consumption can cause market failure as if the benefit to society exceeds the marginal private benefit then the market equilibrium quantity for university education is likely to be lower than the social optimum equilibrium quantity.

25
Q

What are negative externalities in production?

A 
Air pollution from factories
Pollution from fertilizers
Industrial waste
Noise pollution
Collapsing fish stocks
Methane emissions
26
Q

What are negative externalities from consumption?

A 
Household waste
Noise pollution from neighbors
Air pollution from smokers
Traffic congestion
Addiction on families
Litter from tourists
Spill over costs from rising obesity
27
Q

Draw a diagram showing negative externalities in production and where the welfare loss is.

A

a

28
Q

Draw a diagram showing positive externalities in consumption, showing the social welfare gain.

A

a

29
Q

What are examples of positive externalities in production?

A

Positive spillover effects from research and development

Open source software made freely available to users

30
Q

What is social optimum on a MSC graph?

A

Where MSB=MSC

31
Q

What are public goods?

A

Public goods are non-rival and non-excludable usually provided by the state

32
Q

What does non-rival mean in terms of public goods?

A

Consumption by one person does not reduce the supply available for others

33
Q

What does non-excludability mean in terms of public goods?

A

The benefits derived from them cannot be confined solely to those who have paid for it. Non-payers can enjoy the benefits of consumption at no financial cost to themselves

34
Q

Give examples of public goods?

A

Flood defense
Crime control
Public service broadcasting
Online learning

35
Q

What are private goods?

A

Private goods are excludable and rival in consumption.

36
Q

What are examples of private goods?

A

Private gyms
Exclusive golf clubs
Tickets for a sporting event

37
Q

What is the free rider problem?

A

Because public goods are non-excludable it is difficult to charge people for benefiting once a product is available.
Free riders have no incentive to reveal how much they are willing and able to pay for a public good.

38
Q

What does the free rider problem cause?

A

Leads to under-provision of a good and thus causes market failure.

39
Q

Why are pure public goods not usually provided by the private sector?

A

As they would be unable to supply them for a profit.

40
Q

What are merit goods?

A

Merit goods are those goods and services that the government feels that people will under-consume, and which ought to be subsidised or provided free at the point of use so that consumption does not depend primarily on the ability to pay for the good or service.

41
Q

Why are merit goods under-provided?

A

People will only consider their own private costs and benefits, leading to a reduced output.

42
Q

What are de-merit goods?

A

A product which generates negative externalities in consumption. Where the social optimum level of consumption is less than the private level of consumption.

43
Q

How can monopoly power lead to market failure?

A

The monopolist will seek to extract a price from consumers above the cost of resources used in making the product. Higher prices mean that consumers’ needs and wants are not being satisfied as the product is being under-consumed. These higher prices cause a loss of consumer surplus and welfare and will disproportionately affect lower income families

44
Q

What are the possible advantages of having a monopoly supplier?

A

Economics of scale-Monopoly producers may achieve this and lower the average cost

International competition may make producers face overseas competition ensuring that they can’t enforce a price increase.

Research and development increase as the profits made may lead to new innovation with important spillover benefits. This can lead to gains in dynamic efficiency.

45
Q

What are four types of government intervention?

A

Taxes and Subsidies
Maximum and Minimum prices
Regulating the market
State owned/State funding and provision

46
Q

What is government intervention?

A

Government intervention is when the state gets involved in markets and takes action to try correct market failure, improve efficiency, change the the distribution of income and wealth.

47
Q

What are examples of indirect taxes?

A 
VAT
Plastic bag charge
Fuel duties
Alcohol duties
Tobacco duties
Sugar tax.
48
Q

What are indirect taxes?

A

An indirect tax is a tax that increases the supply costs faced by a producer.

Economics Complete AQA AS Revision for MOCK EXAM (8 decks)

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