marks flashcards
1
Q
mitosis
A
- growth of body cells
- ploidy stays the same
- 5 phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
- replication of entire “code book”
2
Q
what change in biomolecules is happening as we go from RNA to proteins?
A
nucleic acid to protein
3
Q
hypothesis
A
an educated guess/ “I think” statement
4
Q
electron transport chain
A
location: inner membrane
in: NADH, FADH2
out: H+ gradient
5
Q
meiosis
A
- reduces genetic material by 1/2
- meiosis 1: -homologs line upside
6
Q
chemiosmosis
A
location: inner membrane space
in: H+ gradient
out: ATP
7
Q
quaternary structure
A
seen for multi-subunit proteins. Individual tertiary structures internet
- can be any bond- (hydrogen, polar/nonpolar, covalent or ionic)
8
Q
tertiary structure
A
- 3D folding pattern due to side chains
- can be any bond- (hydrogen, polar/nonpolar, covalent or ionic)
9
Q
basic properties of life
A
- membrane delimited (has a membrane)
- stores + follows information
- stores + uses energy
- self replicating
- is evolving
- controls its functions + responds to environment (homeostasis)
10
Q
purines
A
- adenine
- guanine
- 2 rings
11
Q
proteins
A
read: N/A
made: N→C
enzyme: ribosome
12
Q
DNA replication is…
A
semi-conservative
13
Q
replication
A
- DNA→DNA
- in nucleus
- catalyst: DNA poly
- other enzymes: helicase, ligase, primase
- new strands must be complementary + antiparallel
- starts at orgin
14
Q
translation
A
- RNA→Protein
- in cytoplasm
- main enzyme: ribosome (large + small subunits)
- components: mRNA, initiation factors, elongation factors, release factors
15
Q
nonpolar bonds
A
hydrophobic
- C-C
- C-H
- CO2
- CCly
16
Q
amino acid
A
monomer of a protein
17
Q
secondary structure
A
- pleated sheet/alpha helix - result from H-bonds on the backbone
- hydrogen bonds: 4 amino acids apart for alpha helix
18
Q
carbohydrates
A
store + use energy
19
Q
RNA primase
A
lays RNA primers
20
Q
Lipids
A
found in membranes
21
Q
passive transport
A
- simple diffusion
- facilitated diffusion
22
Q
simple diffusion
A
when a solute can diffuse through the membrane on its own to reach towards equilibrium
23
Q
facilitated diffusion
A
diffusion of a solute through a channel in the membrane
24
Q
active transport
A
- requires energy input (generally ATP)
- Primary Active Transport
- secondary active transport
- used in our body to pump things against their concentration gradient
25
secondary active transport
uses gradient from PAT to power its transport
26
dark reactions
- occur in stroma
- inputs: CO2, ATP, NADPH
(ATP + NADPH came from the light rxm)
- outputs: G3P
(G3P will be made into glucose in the cytoplasm)
- RUBISCO: enzyme that catalyzes the addition of CO2 to RuBP
27
photosystem 1
- NADPH productivity
(this NADPH will be used in carbon cycle)
28
photosystem 2
- water-splitting
(water supplies electrons)
29
light reactions
- photosystem 2
- photosytem 1
- ETC creates an H+ gradient
- H+ gradient is used to make ATP
(ATP will be used in calvin cycle)
30
prediction
an "if, then" statement
31
photosynthesis net reaction
-
|---oxidized---|
light + H2O + CO2 → O2 + glucose
|---reduced---|
32
cellular respiration net reaction
-
|---oxidized---|
glucose + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP
|---reduced---|
33
primary active transport
uses ATP to create a gradient
34
photosynthesis locations
- occurs in chloroplast
- H+ concentration builds up in the lumen
- the big blob of ATP synthase is in the stroma
- the photosynthesis, ETC, ATP synthase are in the thylakoid membrane
35
anabolic
builds up larger molecules from smaller ones
36
catabolic
breaks down large molecules into smaller ones
37
glycolysis
- occurs in cytoplasm
- in: glucose
- out: pyruvate, ATP, NADH
38
pyruvate oxidation
- occurs in mitochondrial matrix
- in: pyruvate
- out: acetyl-CoA, NADH
39
transcription
- DNA→RNA
- in nucleus
- catalyst: RNA poly
- other enzymes: transcription factors
- RNA poly needs a promoter sequence to start
- uses Uracil (U) in place of Thymine (T)
- start: transcription factors bind to promoter + recruit RNA poly
40
DNA
read: 3'→5'
made: 5'→3'
enzyme: DNA poly
41
conservative Replication
- conserving OG pairing + strands
Gen 0 {{
Gen 1 {{ ||
Gen 2 {{ || || ||
42
semi-conservative replication
- conserves strands
Gen 0 {{
Gen 1 {| |{
Gen 2 {| || {| ||
43
initiation complex
- initiation factors
- small ribosomal subunit
- MET tRNA
44
transcription factors are...
proteins
45
what must be synthesized at the origin of replication before DNA polymerase can begin synthesizing new DNA
RNA primer
46
RNA
read: 5'→3'
made: 5'→3'
enzyme: RNA poly
47
ligase
sels nicks
48
helicase
unwinds DNA
49
RNA primers
gives DNA poly a takeoff ramp, provides 3' OH to start rep
50
exergonic
- -△G
- energy is exiting out reactants leading to lower energy products
51
citric acid cycle (kreb's cycle)
- location: mitochondrial matrix
- in: acetyl-CoA
- out: NADH, ATP, FADH2
52
proteins
do pretty much everything
- >50% of our bodies
- enzymes, structure, signaling
53
properties of carbon
- tetrahedral (forms 4 bonds)
- bonds freely rotate
- branches can form branches in 4 directions
54
nucleotide
monomer of nucleic acid
55
endergonic
- +△G
- energy flaws into the products
56
polar bonds
all hydrophilic
- H-O
- H-N
- C-O
- C-N
- HCl
- H2O
- NH3
57
pyrimidines
- cytosine
- uracil
- thymine
- iring
58
-
H R O
\ | //
N - C- C
/ | \
H H OH
amino acid
59
-
O
//
R - C - OH
- carboxyl: R-COOCH
- acidic
- polar
- hydrophilic
ionized form:
O
//
R - C - O(neg)
60
-
H
|
R - C - H
|
H
methyl: R-CH3
- nonpolar
- hydrophobic
- no ionized form
61
R - O - H
hydroxyl: R-OH
- polar
- hydrophilic
- no ionized form
62
-
O
||
R - O - P - OH
|
OH
phosphate: R-PO4
- acidic
- polar
- hydrophilic
ionized form:
O(neg)
|
R - O - P = O
|
O(neg)
63
-
H
/
R - N
\
H
amino: R-NH2
- Basic
- Polar
- Hydrophilic
ionized from:
H
|
R - N - H+
|
H
64
