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martin chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

functional neuroanatomy

A

examines those parts of the nervous system that work together to accomplish a specific task

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2
Q

regional neuroanatomy

A

eamines spatial relationships between brain structures within a portion of the nervous system

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3
Q

what are functional systems made of?

A

made by specific neural connections within and between regions of the nervous system, connections that form complex neural circuits

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4
Q

4 specialized regions that characterize each neuron

A
  1. dendrite
  2. cell body
  3. axon
    4.axon terminal
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5
Q

which part of the neuron receives info from other neurons?

A

dendrites

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6
Q

what does the cell body contain?

A

the nucleus of neurons and organelles necessary for neuronal activity and survival. The cell body also receives info from other neurons

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7
Q

what do axons do?

A

conduct action potentials (informations) to the axon terminal

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8
Q

connections between two neurons in a circuit are made between?

A

the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrites and cell body of another one

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9
Q

unipolar neurons

A

one single axon from the cell body, no dendrites
the least common ones in the human nervous system

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10
Q

bipolar neurons

A

2 processes
-one functions like a dendrite
-one functions like an axon
they’re under the category of pseudo unipolar neuron.
many sensory neurons are bipolar and pseudo unipolar neurons

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11
Q

multipolar neurons

A

one single axon
complex array of dendrites on the cell body

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12
Q

projection neurons

A

multipolar neurons with a very long axon that allows communication between different regions of the nervous system and between the nervous system and peripheral targets

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13
Q

interneurons

A

Multipolar neurons with short axons that remain in the same region in which the cell body is located. Help to process neuronal informations within a local brain region

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14
Q

communications from one neuron to another occur at specific sites called?

A

synapses

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15
Q

pre synaptic neuron

A

the neuron that sends the information

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16
Q

post synaptic neuron

A

the neuron that receives the information

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17
Q

3 main elements that compose a synapse

A
  1. pre synaptic terminal
  2. synaptic cleft
  3. receptive membrane of the postsynaptic neuron
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18
Q

what are the 2 neurotransmitters that excite neurons?

A

glutamate and acetylcholine

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19
Q

what are the 2 neurotransmitters that inhibit neurons?

A

GABA and glycine

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20
Q

in electrical synapses, there is what?

A

the cytoplasmic continuity between pre synaptic and post synaptic neurons.

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21
Q

macroglia, 4 types

A

Schwann cells (myelination of axons in the peripheral nervous system)
Oligodendrocytes (myelination of axons in the central nervous system)
astrocytes (important for the BBB, associated to synapses-regulate synaptic connections, important for neuronal development)
ependymal cells (lie the ventricles of the brain)

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22
Q

an oligodendrocyte can myelinate one or multiple axons at a time?

A

multiple axons at a time cause it has multiple processes

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23
Q

Schwann cells can myelinated one or multiple axons at a time?

A

one Schwann cell can myelinate one single axon
->one at a time

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24
Q

microglia

A

have a phagocytic role and are activated in response to different pathophysiological conditions. Activated microglia can destroy invading organisms. They can also change neuronal properties after tissue damage, hindering recovery.
for eg: after nervous system damage neurons become hyper excitable and microglia are mediator of this.
they also play a key role in modifying connections between neurons

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25
neurons and glia cells are organized into 2 anatomically separated but functionally interdependent parts:
central nervous system peripheral nervous system
26
the peripheral nervous system is subdivided in?
somatic autonomic enteric
27
the somatic division of the peripheral nervous system contains:
1. sensory neurons that innervate skin, muscles and joints 2. axons of motor neurons despite their cell body is in the CNS (motor neurons innervate skeletal muscles and regulate their force of contraction).
28
the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system contains:
neurons that innervate glands and the smooth muscle of the viscera and blood vessels. Subdivided in sympathetic and parasympathetic
29
the enteric nervous system contains
neurons that innervate the GI tract
30
the central nervous system comprises
brain and spinal cord
31
the brain is subdivided in
cerebral hemisphere diencephalon midbrain pons cerebellum medulla
32
within each of the 7 CNS divisions there is?
a component of the ventricular system
33
how are axons and cell bodies collected in the peripheral Nervous system?
cell bodies are collected in peripheral ganglia axons are contained in peripheral nerves
34
in the central nervous system neuronal cell bodies and dendrites are located in?
1. cortical areas, which are sheets of cells that are on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres 2. nuclei, which are clusters of neurons beneath the surface of all the CNS divisions.
35
most common region that contains axons in the CNS is called?
tract
36
in fresh tissue, nuclei and cortical areas appear of which color?
grey
37
in fresh tissues, tract appear of which color? and why?
white due to the presence of myelin sheet
38
the spinal cord is made by multiple segments. each segment of the spinal cord is innervated by?
2 nerve roots and respective rootlets 1. dorsal root which contains sensory axons (transmit sensory infos to the spinal cord) 2. ventral root which contains motor axons (transmit motor commands to muscles and other body organs
39
the brain stem is composed of?
-midbrain -medulla -pons
40
what are cranial nerves?
sensory and motor nerve roots that enter and exit the brain stem
41
each of the three divisions of the brain stem are involved in the control of specific functions, such as:
the pons and the midbrain control eye movements the medulla is involved in blood pressure and respiratory regulatory mechanisms
42
principal functions of the cerebellum
1. control eye and limb movements 2. mantain posture and balance parts of the cerebellum play a role in higher brain functions (language, cognition and emotions)
43
2 principal parts of the diencephalon
thalamus and hypothalamus
44
key function of the thalamus
transmits informations to cerebral hemispheres. the thalamic nuclei transmit infos to cortical areas
45
thalamic adhesion, what is it?
formed when both parts of the thalamus come into contact at the midline
46
hypothalamus key functions
-controls the release of endocrine hormones from the pituitary gland -controls the overall functions of the autonomic nervous system
47
hemisferes 4 main components
each hemisphere has 4 main components 1.cerebral cortex 2. basal ganglia 3. amigdala 4. hyppocampal formation
48
hippocampal formation main functions
important in learning and memory
49
amigdala main functions
take part in emotions but also in the coordination of the body response to threatening situations
50
what's the name of the part that has the most complex shape in the basal ganglia?
the striatum
51
main functions of the basal ganglia
-cognition and emotion in concert with the cerebral cortex -control of movement
52
area of the total human cerebral cortex
2500 cm2
53
what's the name of the convolutions that characterize the cerebral cortex?
gyri, separated by sulci/fissures
54
the two cerebral hemispheres are separated one from each other by?
the sagittal fissure
55
4 lobes of the cerebral cortex, names:
-frontal -parietal -occipital -temporal
56
the pre central gyrus and the post central gyrus are separated by?
the central sulcus
57
the primary motor cortex is contained in?
the pre central gyrus
58
the Broca's area in most people is contained in?
the inferior frontal gyrus
59
association cortical areas
present in all lobes, essential to process informations for higher brain functions
60
basal forebrain
on the ventral surface of the frontal lobe contains neurons that use acetylcholine to regulate cortical excitability
61
where is the olfactory bulb located?
in the ventral surface of the frontal lobe
62
superior and inferior parietal lobules are separated by?
the intraparietal sulcus
63
the primary somatic sensory cortex is located?
in the post central gyrus
64
what separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?
the central sulcus
65
what separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe?
parietooccipital sulcus
66
what's the main function of the occipital lobe?
controls vision
67
where is the primary visual cortex located?
in the calcarine fissure, responsible for the initial stages of visual processing
68
the temporal lobe is separated from the frontal and the parietal lobe by?
the lateral sulcus or sylvian fissure
69
where is the primary auditory cortex located?
in the superior temporal gyrus
70
the insular cortex
is buried deep in the lateral sulcus and contains portion of the parietal, temporal and frontal lobes
71
corpus callosum
-largest of the brain's commissures -contains axons that connect both sides of the cortex -integrates the functions of the 2 halves of the brain
72
4 main parts of the corpus callosum
1. splenium->the informations between the occipital lobes travel through the splenium 2. rostrum 3. body 4. genu informations from all the other lobes travel from these other 3 parts
73
what is a commissure?
a tract that contains axons that interconnects the two sides of the brain
74
cerebrospinal fluid
-contained in the ventricular system -cushions the CNS from physical shock and is a medium for chemical communication -the choroid plexus contains most of the CSF
75
ventricles
two lateral ventricles one on each hemisphere the third ventricle is between the two halves of the diencephalon the 4th ventricle is between the cerebellum and the brain stem
76
the ventricular system enters the spinal cord through
the central canal
77
each lateral ventricle is connected with the 3rd ventricle by?
the interventricular foramina
78
the 3rd and 4th ventricles are connected by?
the cerebral aqueduct
79
name of the frontal, parietal and temporal cortices that cover the insular cortex are named?
opercula
80
meninges are composed of
dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater
81
2 structures arise from the dura
falx cerebri, which separates 2 cerebral hemispheres tentorium cerebelli, which separates the cerebellum from the hemispheres
82
the subdural space is between?
dura and arachnoid the arachnoid mater joins the dura but is not tightly bonded allowing the subdural space to exist
83

neuroanatomy (12 decks)

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