Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Tudors > Mary > Flashcards

Mary Flashcards

(38 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Causes for failure of Lane Jane Grey plot

A

Mary
↳acted decisively & without hesitation
↳legitimate claim
↳Catholicism got committed & broad support

Northumberland
↳not mobilise full military
↳not act decisively enough
↳unpopular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Reception of Mary’s succession

A

London street decorated & citizens cheered
↳recognition as rightful queen?
↳reflect hopes return to Catholicism?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Problems faced 1553

A

Authority
↳first female monarch
↳loyalty of nobles & gov ministers
↳potential rebellions

Had no heir

Insolvent crown finances

Relations w/ France & Scotland

Economic hardship

Reaction to counter-reformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mary’s aims

A

Restore Catholicism

Establish royal authority

Secure succession

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Potential marriage candidates

A

Edward Courtenay
↳Gardiner’s choice
↳Mary felt English marriage risked factionalism

Philip of Spain
↳Not popular with the English

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Marriage treaty cause

A

Parliament worried England become subservient to Spain

Agreed to marriage - condition treaty signed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Marriage treaty motivation

A

Any children inherit England & the Low Countries - not Spain
↳Philip can’t leave country with children without permission from nobility

Philip nor his heir inherit throne if Mary dies/has no heirs

Philip not possess sovereignty in own right
↳doesn’t account for influence

Philip not promote foreigners to English office

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Evidence Spanish marriage unpopular

A

Hostility because Spain perceived as enemy under Henry VIII

Parliament delegation led by Gardiner tried to dissuade Mary

Sparked Wyatt Rebellion 1554

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

England became Spain pawn

A

Philip helped Cardinal Pole return as Papal Legate 1554 to negotiate return of Pope

Philip’s name on all official docs & worked closely with councillors (eg. Paget & Renard) to influence policy

Keen to get English support for war in France - persuaded navy build 6 ships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

England didn’t become Spainish pawn

A

Parliament refused Philip’s coronation 1555 & wouldn’t include him in new treason law 1554

Mary joined war with France after French supported attack by Thomas Stafford
(Yorkist - weak claim to throne)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Causes of Wyatt Rebellion

A

Spanish marriage
↳influence of foreigners at court

Counter-reformation

Decline of cloth industry

Lady Jane Grey’s father involved
↳some support for removal of Mary

Wyatt planned replace Mary with Edward Courtenay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Outline of event - Wyatt Rebellion

A
  1. 4 rebellions March 1554
  2. Forced move to Feb - difficult keep secret
  3. 3/4 failed immediately
    ↳Only Wyatt gain popular support - approx. 3000 men
  4. Marched to London - London Bridge closed
    ↳Failed convince Londoners join
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Outcome of Wyatt Rebellion

A

Mary ordered execution of Wyatt, LJG & Guildford Dudley (LJG husband) & approx. 100 others

Elizabeth arrested
↳released - lack of proof of involvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Wyatt Rebellion significant threat?

A

Yes
↳Threatened capital
↳Demonstrate large opposition & possible dynastic threat
↳Showed Protestantism strong in sections of society
↳Showed popular suspicion to Spanish marriage & damaged her reputation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mary’s main advisors

A

Lord Paget
↳Close to Somerset - marred relationship w/Mary

Gardiner
↳Supported divorce/break from Rome but retained conservative Catholic views
↳Imprisoned for opposing Book of Homilies
↳Mary never really trusted

Cardinal Pole
↳Left England 1532 - oppose break from Rome

Simon Renard
↳Imperial Ambassador of Charles V - not working completely in England’s interest
↳Influence declined after Spanish marriage - Philip not trust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Problems with gov at start of reign

Study These Flashcards
A

Fundamental religious differences

Mostly Protestant council & Parliament

Not brought up to rule - little political experience
↳loyal supporters also little experience

Had to rely on men responsible for policies she opposed

17
Q

Who included in council

Study These Flashcards
A

Gardiner
Paget
Churchmen excluded under Edward
More conservative councillors

18
Q

Use of council

Study These Flashcards
A

Appointed 50 councillors
↳led to inefficient & faction-ridden gov

Most important decisions never discussed with council
↳awarded title ‘councillor’ more honorary title

Working council smaller & dominated by figures eg. Gardiner & Paget
↳Most trusted advisor, Pole, never member

Most trusted advisors - Philip & Renard
↳caused suspicion in gov & weakened authority in popular opinion

19
Q

Relationship with council

Study These Flashcards
A

Never really at ease with key councillors

Had to rely on Gardiner - gov weakened by death in 1555

20
Q

Relationship with Parliament

Study These Flashcards
A

Cautious cooperation

Substantial minority MPS opposed reversal of Edward’s reforms - majority passed

Opposed Mary over property rights
↳motivated by self-interest
↳Mary chose not to overrule - monastic lands not return to Church

Tried to oppose marriage & clashed over issue of succession

21
Q

War with France background

Study These Flashcards
A

French-Spanish conflict for over 30 yrs

Spanish marriage - England not easily neutral party

Pope anti-Spanish & supported France
↳war w/France - opposes Pope

22
Q

War with France key events

Study These Flashcards
A

Mar 1557 Philip tried persuade Mary join & support Spanish w. funds/naval support/troops

April 1557 France provoked
↳supported invasion of Thomas Stafford - attempt remove Mary

June 1557 Mary declares war

July 1557 7000 troops sent to France
↳initial success at Battle of St Quentin
↳defeated Scottish border raids

Jan 1558 French captured Calais - last remaining possession in France

23
Q

Significance of loss of Calais

Study These Flashcards
A

Loss of trade through port
↳market declining importance

Prestige - claimed land around Calais since 1347 & loss humiliating

Springboard for Henry VIII’s invasion
↳expensive to maintain & defend
↳strategically becoming less important

Protestants used as evidence of God’s punishment for reversion to Catholicism & Spanish marriage

24
Q

Strengths of foreign policy

Study These Flashcards
A

Navy reorganised, improved & managed better
↳no. battleships increased 5-21

Recruitment troops reorganised
↳Troops raised by JPs & Lord Lieutenants not lords & gentry
↳System of militia (Militia Act 1558) last over 300 yrs

Philip brought £40,000 of bullion from Spain - improved finances

25
Problems facing counter-reformation
Political elites favoured Protestantism ↳financially benefitted Protestantism official religion ↳protected by Statute Protestantism entrenched in London & parts of South East
26
Causes of counter-reformation
Mary's personal beliefs Spanish influence Popular support for Catholicism/dislike of Protestantism Support from some members of clergy Pressure from Pope/Cardinal Pole
27
Others approach to religion
Gardiner - not keen to return papal supremacy (lose some power) Renard - worried about impact reclaiming Church lands (opposition to reform) Charles V - urged caution to avoid unrest Philip - hoped gain credit with Pope Cardinal Pole - main aim papal legate restore papal supremacy (increases power)
28
Counter-reformation phase 1:
Aug-Sep 1553 ↳prominent Protestant clergy removed ↳Archbishop Cranmer arrested ↳Latimer, Ridley & Hooper imprisoned Oct 1553 ↳Parliament pass First Act of Repeal - removed legislation approved under Edward (doctrine restored to Catholicism) ↳Parliament refused repeal Act of Supremacy - Mary gave up title 'Supreme Head of the Church' Jan 1554 ↳approx. 800 Protestants fled to Germany & Switzerland Mar 1554 ↳Royal injunctions ordered bishops repress heresy, remove married clergy & restore Holy Days ↳Gardiner deprived hundreds married clergy of their living ↳Key bishops removed & replaced by committed Catholics
29
Counter-reformation phase 2:
Nov 1555 - Parliament passed Second Act of Repeal ↳Undid legislation since 1529 ↳Removed Act of Supremacy & restored Pope ↳Church lands & property not restored ↳Mary effectively acknowledged Supremacy of Parliament over Church
30
Counter-reformation phase 3:
Commissioned new publications & educating clergy Possession of treasonable books resulted in death penalty 1555 ↳publication of Bonner's Book of Homilies Feb ↳John Rodgers (translator of bible) burned under restored heresy laws - 1st martyr Oct ↳Ridley & Latimer burned for heresy in Oxford Dec ↳Cranmer replaced with Pole Nov ↳5 Protestants burned in Canterbury Mar 1556 ↳Burning of Cranmer in centre of Oxford - originally 'recanted' then decided to stand by belief & withdrew
31
Impact of burning Protestants
Approx. 300 executed for heresy ↳most commoners dying for personal beliefs ↳John Foxe's 'Book of Martyrs' published 1563
32
Reason for burning
Helped 'cleanse their souls' Ensured total destruction of corpse & prevent use of body parts for relics
33
Evidence reforms were popular
New Catholics priests easily recruited from places eg. Lancashire & Kent
34
Evidence reforms unpopular
Little opposition to return to Protestantism under Elizabeth Est 19,000 copies of 1552 Prayer Book circulated & more Protestant writings circulated that Catholic works Foxe gives impression martyrs well supported at burnings
35
Economic hardship
Population growth ↳2.5 million (1520) to 3 million (1550) ↳increased demand for food/goods & high level of inflation Inflation ↳caused by debasement since 1540 Harvest failure ↳1548, 1555, 1556 ↳widespread hunger & loss of income ↳contributed to increased prices Epidemics ↳'sweating sickness' 1557 & 1558 ↳6% mortality - highest annual death toll since Black Death ↳widespread hardship/loss of income/food shortage ↳increased poverty/vagrancy/social discontent
36
Policy to manage economic hardship
Enforcing laws against grain hoarding Encouraging people to grow crops - not graze animals on farm land Neither effective at dealing with scale of problems
37
Affect of economic hardship on Mary's authority
Monarch expected to focus on security, royal authority, patronage, law & order Crisis damaged popularity hardship viewed as evidence of losing God's favour ↳Protestants interpreted as punishment for counter-reformation
38
Domestic policy
Changed administration of revenue collection New Book of Rates modernised setting of customs revenues ↳increased crown income over 200% in just 1 year Court of the Exchequer took over Court of First Fruit and Tenths & Court of Augmentations Devised plans for recoinage & ways to support trade after loss of Calais Cut general expenditure & increase revenue from Crown lands Left relatively minor debt of £227,000

Tudors (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions