Mary I

Question 1

When did Mary address the Privy Council of her right and title to the throne, and sent letters to East Anglia?

Answer 1

July 1553

Question 2

How does Nigel Heard describe Mary’s biggest problem?

Answer 2

“her failure to produce an heir to consolidate her position”.

Question 3

When was the Marriage Treaty approved by Parliament?

Answer 3

1554

Question 4

When were plans concluded for risings in Hertfordshire and Kent?

In Kent, how many armed supporters did Wyatt muster? Who was sent to stop his march to London?

Answer 4

December 1553

2,500 armed supporters; the Duke of Norfolk

Question 5

In an address to her citizens, what did Mary call Wyatt?

Answer 5

A “wicked traitor”.

Question 6

What tactical error did Wyatt make? What did this mean?

Answer 6

He diverted his forces to take the militarily unimportant Cooling Castle, and thus did not reach the Thames until February 1554. He found Ludgate barred against him.

Question 7

When did Mary believe herself to be pregnant?

Answer 7

In 1554 and 1558

Question 8

When was the plague? What did it result in?

Answer 8

Began in 1558; it killed 1 out of 10 people who contracted it, raising the death rate of England to twice what it was.

Question 9

When was there a harvest failure?

Answer 9

September 1555

Question 10

What did the new 1558 book of rates do?

Answer 10

Increased annual customs revenue by 34%.

Question 11

What movements had the government started to make in 1551?

Answer 11

They had begun trading along the North African coast in order to search for new overseas markets and increase employment.

Question 12

What were Mary’s two FP aims?

Answer 12

To re-establish ties with Rome

To ally England to the Spanish Habsburgs through friendship with the Emperor Charles V (who supported her) and Philip II of Spain.

Question 13

When did the French-Papal alliance re-open the H-V war when Philip attacked the anti-Spanish Pope Paul IV?

Answer 13

1556

Question 14

When did England send troops to the Netherlands in the interests of trade / because Philip owned this land?

Answer 14

Early 1557

Question 15

When did Thomas Stafford, a Protestant exile protected by France, land in Scarborough, England, with French weaponry and was subsequently arrested)?

Answer 15

Mid 1557

Question 16

When did Philip win the Battle of St Quentin (with little support from the English?

Answer 16

Mid 1557

Question 17

When was Calais captured by the French? When was the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis signed, where Philip didn’t attempt to recover Calais for England?

How did Crowson describe it? What about in terms of morale?

Answer 17

1558; 1559; historian Crowson described it economically as a “crippling blow”.

Morale-wise, it was an abandonment of English territory..:
but without Protestant propagandists concluding that Spanish marriage resulted in this, then national humiliation wouldn’t have lasted so long.

Question 18

When was an Act of Repeal passed? What did it do?

When did Mary give up the title of the Supreme Head?

Answer 18

Autumn 1553. Undid all of the Edwardian Reformation, received the mass and implicitly reaffirmed transubstantiation.

Later on in 1553.

Question 19

When did Parliament pass the Second Act of Repeal, which undid all anti-papal legislations since 1529 and the Henrician Reformation?

Answer 19

Late 1554.

Question 20

Give an example of a Protestant exile during Mary’s reign.

Answer 20

1558 - Thomas Bentham, a returned Protestant exile, by the end of Mary’s reign was ministering to the Protestants of London in secret.

Question 21

When did Mary’s reign start? When did it end?

Answer 21

July 1553; late 1558

Question 22

Define heresy.

Give examples of gov persuasion. Why was this ineffective,

Answer 22

Unorthodox religion / beliefs.

Pro-gov writers like Miles Hogarde published a tract in defence of Mary’s regime called ‘The Displaying of the Protestants’ (1556). But, this only incurred the malice of the Protestants.

This was ineffective - there were c.19000 copies of the 1552 Prayer book in circulation, widely circulated Protestant pamphlets and seeing as few advisers had studied abroad and so lacked debating skills, the Queen herself failed to inspire in the way her father had.

Question 23

How did Foxe’s ‘Book of Martyrs’, a work used by Protestants as Propaganda, describe the burning of John Hooper, a Protestant bishop?

Answer 23

There were “sorrowful people” watching.

Question 24

How many people were executed during Mary’s reign for religion? Where was there an indication of a lack of support for the burnings?

Answer 24

About 300; in 1557, there were severe delays in Essex.

Question 25

How did P. Williams describe Marian religion? What about D. Loades?

Answer 25

P. Williams - “On Mary’s death England was still largely Catholic”.

D. Loaded - The Marian Church was “less effective” in imposing conformity than the Edwardian Church, partly because of restoration costing money.

Question 26

Despite trade activities in 1551, what happened w/Mary?

Answer 26

Under Mary, the government was too anxious to avoid offending Spain and Portugal to encourage overseas enterprise.

Question 27

What was Wyatt’s options if his rebellion was a success?

Answer 27

Either compel Mary to drop the marriage, or stage a coup to place Elizabeth on the throne.

Question 28

When was Foxe’s Book of Martyrs published?

Answer 28

1563

Question 29

Mary was still faced by the financial problems that Northumberland had tried to solve, and to make matters worse she had given away more crown lands in order to re-establish some monastic foundations.

Answer 29

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