mary i: gender, government and catholic restoration Flashcards
(57 cards)
how old was Mary when she came onto the throne
37 years old
how was she able to practice Catholicism under Edward and then Northumberland
- under Edward and Somerset she was able to practice privately
- under Northumberland and Calvinist views she was more pressured to digress from Catholic views
what did Mary want for England within her reign
> close Habsburg alliance as she received support from Charles V
wanted to move England back to Roman Catholic views
what were the views of Mary’s accession onto the throne in 1553
- she proclaimed herself queen
- she had the support of Renard, a Holy Roman and Spanish ambassador
- political prisoners such as Duke of Norfolk and Gardiner were released
- only Northumberland and other individuals were executed and individuals like Paget were left to join the Privy Council
what were some weaknesses to Mary’s accession onto the throne
. Elizabethan propaganda showed Mary as weak and evil, creating the name ‘Bloody Mary’
. her inability to produce and heir left her unable to consolidate her throne
what were some disadvantages to Mary choosing a husband as queen
- she was unable to marry from English nobility due to the elevation in power which could have led to internal disputes and conflict
- English nationalism was on the rise and marriage to a foreign prince could cause unrest.
- fear of England being dragged into continental conflicts and wars
what were the disadvantages to her Privy Council
> her Privy Council was too large to run effectively
tensions between Catholics and moderates were rising
disagreements came mainly from Renard who wanted power within her Privy Council and over Mary.
who were the individuals within her Privy Council
. she chose mainly through her household and Catholic noblemen that supported her
. 7 moderates from Northumberland’s council were sworn in
. Gardiner and Paget although facing tension worked together form an inner circle for affairs of state
what were advantages to Parliament during Mary’s reign
she had strong support from clergy in the House of Lords especially after the executions of Ridley, Latimer and Cranmer
what were the disadvantages to economy during Mary’ reign
> plague and sweating sickness was on the rise in cities, causing increased mortality rates
trade had been effected in Europe so 1551 trade along the North African coast started
up until 1558 England became increasingly worried of Portuguese and Spanish fleets of trade
what were the lands did Mary give away
Crown lands to re-establish monastic foundations
what happened to revenue courts in 1554
- Exchequer was restored as the main financial department
. they took over the Court of First Fruits and Tenths (taxes paid by senior clergy)
. took over Court of Augmentations (income from monastic and chantry lands)
. Court of Wards which collected tax levied on the heirs to great estates
what did the Privy Council and Mary want to do to the coins
> planned to remove debased coins and restore gold and silver content
- came into effect after Mary’s death in 1560
when were custom rates revised and changed
1552
what and when was the Book of Rates
. 1558
. issued and increased custom revenue from £29,000 to £85,000
what and when were the survey of crown lands
> established in 1555
rents and entry fines were raised in 1557
what did Mary fail to realise within the religious situation of 1553
the desire for Mary to be on the throne was not to restore Roman Catholicism but to completely get rid of Northumberland
what proves Mary had to approach restoring Catholicism in England with ease and time
- Charles V and Pope Julius warned her
- Cardinal Reginald Pole stayed in the Netherlands before coming back to England as papal legate
what Catholic individual was not happy in restoring Catholicism and why
. Gardiner
. was not enthusiastic as restoring papal authority as it would lead to no more royal supremacy, which ruling and landing elites supported
how many Protestants fled the country and how many were executed
> 800 Protestants fled
274 Protestants executed
what did Mary suspend
- suspended the second Act of Uniformity and restored mass
- she faced no opposition or rebellion
what was the Statute of Repeal
swept all religious religious legislation under Edward VI and restored the 1547 Act of Six Articles
when was religious legislation postponed to
1554
why was Gardiner more radical in his beliefs of religious legislation
his opposition to Mary’s marriage with Phillip and rebellions led to him falling out royal favour so to counteract he tried to quicken anti-Protestant laws such as the heresy laws
