Masking Flashcards by Nkechi Nwagbara

What are the 3 types of masking?

Pure-tone Air Conduction
Pure-tone Bone Conduction
Speech

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Define Cross-Hearing

When the presented sound is being presented to the test ear, its being heard in the NON-TEST EAR

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For Cross-Hearing, how is the signal being heard in the NON-TEST Ear?

Since the signal that’s being presented is very loud to one ear, it crosses over and is heard in the opposite ear

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For whom does Cross-Hearing occur? And why?

For patients that has asymmetrical HL, when we’re trying to get a threshold of the worse ear, we would end up testing and receiving results from the better ear since sound travels.

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What’s the mechanism behind Cross-Hearing?

Even though the test is for Air Conduction, the cross-over is occurring through bone-conduction since the stimulus is so loud causes the skull to vibrate and in turn causes stimulation to both cochleae

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For patients that has an asymmetrical HL, what criterions should we keep in mind?

One ear can have some form of HL while the other has normal hearing or both or both ears has a HL but @ different levels
The loudness of a sound and
Its impact on how sound will travel to the next ear

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Finish the sentence:

When sound presented to the worse ear….

is so loud it ‘crosses over’ to the better ear.

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Define Interaural Attenuation

It’s the amount of energy loss as sound travels from one side of the head to the other

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When does is being presented to one ear, even if it’s loud enough to cross over to the other, would there be a loss of intensity?

Yes, there will be a loss of loudness when it reaches the non-test ear

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In what ways can the amount of interaural attenuation vary?

Interaural attenuation can vary with frequency, transducers, and slightly among individuals

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What type of standard is used for Interaural Attenuation?

A conservative standard

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What’s the interaural attenuation for Supra-aural earphones?

40 dB HL

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What’s the interaural attenuation for Insert earphones?

70 dB HL

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Between the Supra-aural phones & Insert phones, which one has a greater interaural attenuation?

Insert earphones

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Why are inserts better than supra-aural headphones?

Since we don’t want the sound to be heard in the other ear, so the quitter the sound is when it gets to our better ear, the better off we’ll be

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When does an issue arise for cross-hearing?

When a patient has an asymmetrical hearing loss

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How do you know when cross-hearing is occurring?

If the level after interaural attenuation is the same or greater than the bone conduction of the non-test ear

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What’s the formula for determining if cross-hearing will occur?

AC (te) - IA is > (greater than or equal to) BC (nte)

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In the formula for determining if cross-hearing would occur, why is bone conduction present?

Because the method of cross-hearing is bone conduction since the way sound is able to travel from one side of the head is not through air conduction but it’s the vibrating of the skull that stimulates both cochlea and potentially getting a response from the better ear

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If AC (te) - IA is > (greater than or equal to) BC (nte) what type of cross-hearing can occur?

A potential since everyone is different

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What are the 2 problems when it comes to cross-hearing?

Your threshold may not be accurate, and

2. You may be getting a response from the non-test ear

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If AC (te) - IA is > (less than or equal to) BC (nte) is present, which ear is responding?

The non-test ear and you’ll need to mask

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If you’re worried about a signal going to the non-test ear, what should you do?

Masking

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Define Masking

Is presenting a noise to the non-test ear to keep it busy while re-testing threshold of the test ear

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For Masked Air-Conduction Audiogram, what are the symbols?

RIGHT: Red triangle LEFT: Blue square

For masking Air-Conduction, what does the triangle mean?

It means that a pure tone was presented to the RIGHT ear while you presented masking noise to the LEFT ear

For masking Air-Conduction, what does the square mean?

It means that a pure tone was presented to the LEFT ear, while you presented masking noise to the RIGHT EAR

Where is the masking noise always being placed?

If it's needed, it'll be placed in the better ear

Define Air-Bone Gap

It's the difference between AC & BC

When does an ABG occur?

When the bone conduction thresholds are BETTER than air conduction thresholds

Does an ABG occur when AC is worse than BC? Why?

No, because BC should be better than AC since BC bypasses the problem

Which type of hearing loss individuals would experience an ABG?

Those w/Conductive and Mixed Hearing losses

What's the formula for ABG?

ABG = AC - BC

Is ABG present in SNHL patients? Why?

No, because the AC & BC will be the same

What # does the ABG has to be for it to be significant?

It must be greater than 10

Between what range of #'s do we not consider an ABG being present?

5-10 dB which is the same as being 0

If ABG is 10, do you have an ABG?

No. It must be GREATER than 10

If the ABG is 0, 5, 10, what type of hearing loss is it?

A SNHL

Unlike Air Conduction, are ALL bone conduction presentations subject to cross-hearing?

Yes

Through which conduction does cross-hearing occur?

Bone Conduction

Why does an automatic cross hearing?

Because BC stimulates both cochleae @ the same time

For BC, what is happening with the signal?

The signal would reach the right and left ear with the same intensity

For BC, what would the IA = to?

For BC, when should we incorporate cross-hearing?

When the ABG is > 10

What is the special consideration in BC masking?

Occlusion effect of test & non-test ear

What does the occlusion effect cause?

Covering or filling the ear causes BOOST in lower Hz

To avoid the occlusion effect of the test ear,

The earphone must be off/out of test ear when presenting masking noise to non-test ear

Can the occlusion effect occur in the non-test ear?

Yes

For BC, what are the audiogram symbols?

Right: [ Left: ]

Is the noise being used for masking the same?

Yes

Is noise aperiodic?

Yes

What kind of band is preferred for noise?

Narrowband

Why is narrowband noise preferred?

Is the most efficient because it provides maximum masking with minimum sound pressure

What does noise sound like?

Static

Define central masking

It's a small shift in threshold of the Test Ear when masking is introduced to NON-TEST ear

Why is it called central masking?

It is inhibition along the central auditory pathway

Define over masking

Is when noise is presented to the NON-TEST ear that's so loud crosses over to the skull and masks the TEST EAR

Define undermasking

Masking noise presented to NON-TEST ear is not loud enough of to keep the non-test ear busy. The tone presented to TEST EAR can still be heard in NON-TEST ear

Speech Masking incorporates what?

1. Cross-Hearing 2. IA of 40db/70db 3. Asymmetrical hearing losses

What the formula for SRT?

SRT (te) - IA > (greater than or equal to) BC (non-test ear)

Is SRT frequency specific?

No, BC is

What are the BC frequencies?

500, 1000, 2000, 4000 Hz

For SRT masking, how do we determine the level of the BC threshold?

Use the lowest BC threshold of non-test ear from formula

For Speech Recognition Testing, what level is being tested?

Supra-threshold

What is the Speech Recognition Test formula?

dBHL (te) - IA > (or equal to) BC (nte)

Is WRS frequency specific?

Is the procedure for determining masking the same for Speech Recognition testing as it is for SRT?

Yes

For Speech Recognition Testing, what is the procedure when masking?

Choose the lowest BC threshold of the non-test ear from the list of frequencies given

Are the masking terms considered for Speech Masking?

Yes: Under, Over, and Central Masking