masonry

Question 1

A ____ is formed by combining masonry units, such as stone, blocks, or brick with mortar.

Answer 1

masonry structure

Question 2

_____ is one of the oldest construction materials.

Answer 2

masonry

Question 3

_____ are a popular construction material throughout the world and competes favorably with other materials, such as wood, steel, and concrete for certain applications.

Answer 3

masonry units

Question 4

Masonry units can be classified as: ____, ___, ____, _____, ____

Answer 4

concrete masonry units, clay bricks, structural clay tiles, glass blocks, stone

Question 5

____ can be either solid or hollow, but clay bricks, glass blocks, and stone are typically solid.

Answer 5

concrete masonry

Question 6

_____ are hollow units that are larger than clay bricks and are used for structural and nonstructural masonry applications, such as partition walls and filler panels.

Answer 6

structural clay tiles

Question 7

Solid concrete units are commonly called _____.

Answer 7

concrete bricks

Question 8

Hollow units are known as _____.

Answer 8

concrete blocks, hollow blocks, cinder blocks

Question 9

Hollow units have a net cross-sectional area in every plane parallel to the bearing surface less than ____ of the gross cross-sectional area in the same plane.

Answer 9

75%

Question 10

Concrete masonry units are manufactured in three classes, based on their density: ____

Answer 10

lightweight units, medium-weight units, normal-weight units

Question 11

Well-graded sand, gravel, and crushed stone are used to manufacture _____.

Answer 11

normal-weight units

Question 12

Lightweight aggregates such as pumice, scoria cinders, expanded clay, and expanded shale are used to manufacture _____.

Answer 12

lightweight units

Question 13

_____ have higher thermal and fire resistance properties and lower sound resistance than normal weights.

Answer 13

lightweight units

Question 14

_____ are manufactured using a relatively dry (zero-slump) concrete mixture consisting of portland cement, aggregates, water, and admixtures.

Answer 14

concrete masonry

Question 15

_____ is usually used to manufacture concrete masonry units.

Answer 15

type I

Question 16

____ is sometimes used to reduce the curing time.

Answer 16

type III

Question 17

_____ is sometimes used to increase the resistance of the masonry structure to freeze and thaw effects and improve workability, compaction, and molding characteristics of the units during manufacturing.

Answer 17

air-entrained concrete

Question 18

Concrete masonry units can be classified as ______ and ____.

Answer 18

load bearing (ASTM C90), non-load bearing (ASTM C129)

Question 19

Load-bearing units must satisfy a ________ minimum compressive strength requirement than non-loading bearing units.

Answer 19

higher

Question 20

The ____ of the individual concrete masonry units is determined by capping the unit and applying load in the direction of the height of the unit until failure (ASTM C140).

Answer 20

compressive strength

Question 21

The _____ is calculated by dividing the load at failure by the gross cross-sectional area of the unit.

Answer 21

gross area compressive strength

Question 22

The _____ is calculated by dividing the load at failure by the net cross-sectional area.

Answer 22

net area compressive strength

Question 23

The _____ is calculated by dividing the net volume of the unit by its average height.

Answer 23

net cross-sectional area

Question 24

The ____ is determined using the water displacement method according to ASTM C140.

Answer 24

net volume

Question 25

The amount of water absorption of concrete masonry units is controlled by ASTM standards to reduce the effect of weathering and limit the amount of shrinkage due to moisture loss after construction.

Answer 25

ASTM C90

Question 26

The absorption of concrete masonry units is determined by immersing the units in water for 24 hours.

Answer 26

ASTM C140

Question 27

Concrete masonry units are specified by their ______.

Answer 27

nominal dimensions

Question 28

The _____ is greater than its specified (or modular) dimensions by the thickness of the mortar joint, usually 10 mm (3/8 in.)

Answer 28

nominal dimension

Question 29

____ are available in nominal widths of 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 mm (4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 in.), heights of 100 and 200 mm (4 and 8 in.), and lengths of 300, 400, and 600 mm (12, 16, and 24 in.).

Answer 29

load-bearing masonry units

Question 30

Solid concrete masonry units (concrete bricks) are manufactured in two types based on their exposure properties: _____ and ______.

Answer 30

concrete building bricks (ASTM C55), concrete facing bricks (ASTM C1634)

Question 31

The ____ are manufactured for general use in nonfacing, utilitarian applications.

Answer 31

concrete building bricks

Question 32

____ are typically used in applications where one or more faces of the unit is intended to be exposed.

Answer 32

concrete facing bricks

Question 33

The maximum allowable water absorption of the concrete facing bricks is ____ than that of the concrete building bricks.

Answer 33

less

Question 34

The minimum net area compressive strength of the concrete facing bricks is ____ than that of the concrete building bricks.

Answer 34

higher

Question 35

_____ are small, rectangular blocks made of fired clay.

Answer 35

clay bricks

Question 36

_____ are manufactured by grinding or crushing the clay in mills and mixing it with water to make it plastic.

Answer 36

bricks

Question 37

Clay bricks have an average density of ____.

Answer 37

2 Mg/m^3 (125 pcf)

Question 38

_____ are used for different purposes, including building, facing aesthetics, floor making, and paving.

Answer 38

clay bricks

Question 39

____ are used as a structural material and are typically strong and durable.

Answer 39

building bricks (common bricks)

Question 40

____ are used for facing and aesthetic purposes and are available in different sizes, colors, and textures.

Answer 40

facing bricks

Question 41

_____ are used on finished floor surfaces and are generally smooth and dense, with high resistance to abrasion.

Answer 41

floor bricks

Question 42

_____ are used as a paving material for roads, sidewalks, patios, driveways, and interior floors.

Answer 42

paving bricks

Question 43

_____ means glazed to render it impervious to water and highly resistant to corrosion.

Answer 43

vitrified

Question 44

____ is one of the important properties that determine the durability of bricks.

Answer 44

absorption

Question 45

_____ absorptive bricks can cause efflorescence and other problems in the masonry.

Answer 45

highly

Question 46

____ are very durable and fire resistant and require very little maintenance. They have moderate insulating properties, which make brick houses cooler in summer and warmer in winter.

Answer 46

clay bricks

Question 47

____ are also noncombustible and poor conductors.

Answer 47

clay bricks

Question 48

The ____ of clay bricks is an important mechanical property that controls their load-carrying capacity and durability.

Answer 48

compressive strength

Question 49

The ____ of clay bricks is dependent on the composition of the clay, method of brick manufacturing, and the degree of firing.

Answer 49

compressive strength

Question 50

The ____ is determined by capping and testing a half unit "flatwise" (load applied in the direction of the height of the unit) and is calculated by dividing the at failure by the cross-sectional area (ASTM C67).

Answer 50

compressive strength

Question 51

Other mechanical properties of bricks include ___

Answer 51

modulus of rupture, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity

Question 52

Most clay bricks have modulus of rupture between ______.

Answer 52

3.5 and 26.2 MPa (500 anf 3800 psi)

Question 53

The tensile strength is typically between _____ of the modulus of rupture.

Answer 53

30% to 49%

Question 54

The modulus of elasticity ranges between ____.

Answer 54

10.3 and 34.5 GPa (1.5x10^6 ang 5x10^6 psi)

Question 55

Clay building bricks are graded according to properties related to ____ and _____, such as compressive strength, water absorption, and saturation coefficient (ASTM C62).

Answer 55

durability, resistance to weathering

Question 56

Three available grades of clay building bricks: ____

Answer 56

severe weathering (SW), moderate weathering (MW), negligible weathering (NW)

Question 57

Grade ____ bricks are intended for use in areas subjected to frost action, especially at or below ground level.

Answer 57

SW

Question 58

Grade ____ bricks are recommended for use in areas with no frost action and in dry locations, even where subfreezing temperatures are expected.

Answer 58

NW

Question 59

______ are manufactured in two durability grades for severe weathering (SW) and moderate weathering (MW).

Answer 59

facing clay bricks (ASTM C216)

Question 60

Each durability grade is manufactured in three appearance types: _____

Answer 60

face brick standard (FBS), face brick extra (FBX), face brick architecture (FBA)

Question 61

Type ____ bricks are used for general exposed masonry construction.

Answer 61

FBS

Question 62

Type ____ are used for general exterior and interior masonry construction, where a high degree of precision and a low permissible variation in size are required.

Answer 62

FBX

Question 63

The ____ type bricks are manufactured to produce characteristic architectural effects resulting from nonuniformity in size and texture of the individual units.

Answer 63

FBA

Question 64

Similar to concrete masonry units, clay bricks are designated by their _____.

Answer 64

nominal dimensions

Question 65

The ____ of the brick is greater than its specified (or modular) dimension by the thickness of the mortar joint.

Answer 65

nominal dimension

Question 66

The ____ of the brick depends on the nominal size and the amount of shrinking that occurs during the firing process, which ranges from 4% to 15%.

Answer 66

actual size

Question 67

____ are specified by their nominal width times nominal height times nominal length.

Answer 67

clay bricks

Question 68

Bricks can be classified as either ______.

Answer 68

modular or nonmodular

Question 69

_____ bricks have widths and lengths of multiples of 100 mm (4 in.).

Answer 69

modular

Question 70

_____ is a mixture of cementitious material, aggregates, and water.

Answer 70

mortar

Question 71

Mortar can be classified as ____, ____, or ______.

Answer 71

cement-lime mortar, cement mortar, masonry cement mortar

Question 72

Mortar is used for the following functions: ____

Answer 72

1. bonding masonry units together, either non-reinforced or reinforced 2. serving as a seating material for the units 3. leveling and seating the units 4. providing aesthetic quality of the structure

Question 73

Mortar is manufactured in four types: _____

Answer 73

M, S, N, O

Question 74

____ also needs to satisfy either proportion and specifications or property specifications (ASTM C270).

Answer 74

mortar

Question 75

The ____ specify the ingredient quantities.

Answer 75

proportion specifications

Question 76

The _____ specify the compressive strength, water retention, air content, and the aggregate ratio.

Answer 76

property specifications

Question 77

In the ____ evaluation, the compressive strength of mortar is tested using 50-mm (2-inch) cubes according to ASTM C109.

Answer 77

laboratory

Question 78

The minimum average compressive strengths of types M, S, N, and O at 28 days are ______ MPa.

Answer 78

17.2, 12.4, 5.2, 2.4

Question 79

The ____ evaluation involved the preparation of one or more trial batches before construction. These trial batches are sampled and used in establishing the plastic and hardened properties of the mixtures (ASTM C780).

Answer 79

field

Question 80

It should be noted, however, that ___ is the weakest part of the masonry wall.

Answer 80

mortar

Question 81

What is the most important property of mortar?

Answer 81

tensile bond strength of mortar

Question 82

The ability to bond individual units is measured by the ____ (ASTM C952), which is related to the force required to separate the units.

Answer 82

tensile bond strength of mortar

Question 83

The _____ affects the shear and flexural strength of masonry.

Answer 83

tensile bond strength

Question 84

ASTM C91 defines ____ as a measure of the rate at which water is lost to the masonry units.

Answer 84

water retention

Question 85

____ is a high-slump concrete consisting of portland cement, sand, fine gravel, water, and sometimes lime.

Answer 85

grout

Question 86

____ is used to fill the cores or voids in hollow masonry units.

Answer 86

grout

Question 87

Why do we fill the cores or voids in hollow masonry units using grout?

Answer 87

1. bonding the masonry units 2. bonding the reinforcing steel to the masonry 3. increasing the bearing area 4. increasing fire resistance 5. improving the overturning resistance by increasing the weight

Question 88

The minimum compressive strength of grout is _____ at 28 days, according to ASTM C476.

Answer 88

14 MPa (2000 psi)

Question 89

____ is fluid mixture of portland cement, lime sand and water, which is used for finishing either masonry walled or framed (wood) walls.

Answer 89

plaster

Question 90

____ is used for either exterior or interior walls.

Answer 90

plaster

Question 91

___ is plaster used to cover exterior walls.

Answer 91

stucco

Question 92

The average compressive strength of plaster is about ____ at 28 days.

Answer 92

13.8 MPa (2000 psi)

Question 93

_____ developed a summary table of the sustainable design with concrete masonry units.

Answer 93

Subasic (2013)

Question 94

_____ is one of the oldest building technologies, dating back to use of sun-dried adobe blocks in ancient times.

Answer 94

masonry

Question 95

_____ are produced to high standards in the manufacturing process.

Answer 95

modern masonry units

Question 96

While the strength of the masonry units is important for quality control, the strength of masonry construction is generally _____.

Answer 96

limited by the ability to bond the units together with mortar

Question 97

The ability of masonry units to resist environmental degradation is an ____ quality of consideration.

Answer 97

important

Question 98

This ability is closely related to the absorption of the masonry units.

Answer 98

ability of masonry units to resist environmental degradation